制备方法

噻菌灵是一种高效、广谱、国际上通用的杀菌剂。能防治多种植物的真菌病害，用于处理收获后的水果和蔬菜，可防治贮存中发生的上些病害，目前国内外已广泛应用。

合成制备方法

1. 噻唑-4-羧酰溴和邻苯二胺混合，加入多磷酸，搅拌下加热至240℃，保温3h。将热反应液注入冰中，过滤，滤液用30%氢氧化钠溶液洗涤，约pH6时析出2-（4'-噻唑基）-苯并咪唑沉淀，过滤，水洗，干燥，得熔点296-298℃的结晶体。用沸乙醇重结晶，熔点301-302℃。另一种工艺是将4-乙氧甲酰噻唑、邻苯二胺、多磷酸的混合物搅拌加热至125℃，然后在175℃加热2h，将混合物注入冰水中，用氢氧化钠溶液中和至pH6，析出结晶，过滤，用热丙酮萃取，萃取物用活性炭脱色后，浓缩，真空干燥，得噻菌灵。

2. 由4-噻唑羧基酰胺与邻苯二胺在缩合磷酸中反应而得。

3. 制备方法一
4-乙氧甲酰噻唑的制备 以酒石酸为原料，经裂解得丙酮酸，再通过酯化、溴化后，与硫代甲酰胺环合制得。
噻菌灵的合成 将4-乙氧甲酰噻唑、邻苯二胺、多磷酸的混合物搅拌加热至125℃，然后在175℃加热2h，将混合物注入冰水中，用氢氧化钠溶液中和至pH值6，析出结晶，过滤，用热丙酮萃取，萃取物用活性炭脱色后，浓缩，真空干燥，制得噻菌灵。
制备方法二
噻唑-4-羟酰溴和邻苯二胺混合，加入多磷酸，搅拌下加热至240℃，保温3h。将热反应液注入冰水中，过滤，滤液用30%氢氧化钠溶液洗涤，约pH值为6析出2-（4'-噻唑基）-苯并咪唑沉淀，过滤，水洗，干燥，得噻菌灵。用沸乙醇重结晶，m.p.301～302℃。

4. 方法一
在175℃下由4-乙氧基甲酰噻唑与邻苯二胺在缩合磷酸中反应2h。反应物倾入冰水中，用氢氧化钠中和至Ph值6，析出结晶，过滤后用丙酮重结晶、活性炭脱色。脱色液经浓缩、真空干燥得成品。
方法二
在240℃下由4-噻唑羧基酰氨(或酰溴)与邻苯二胺在缩合磷酸中反应3h，反应物倾人冰水中，过滤后滤液用30%的氢氧化钠溶液洗涤至Ph=6，苯并咪唑结晶析出，经过滤、水洗、干燥得粗品，再经乙醇重结晶得成品。

用途简介

用途

1.作保鲜剂，我国规定可用于水果保鲜，最大使用量为0.02g/kg。

2.高效、广谱、长效内吸性杀菌剂，根施时能向顶传导，但不能向基传导，可作叶面喷雾，喷药量2.25～3.75g有效成分/hm²，能防治多种作物的真菌病害和根腐病，兼有保护和治疗作用。目前还广泛用于柑橘、苹果、梨和香蕉等水果贮藏期病害，分别用500～1000mg/L、700～1500mg/L药液处理。

3.防霉剂。
按GB 2760--2001(g/kg)：水果保鲜0.02；蒜苔、青椒保鲜0.01(残留量≤0.02)。
日本规定(1997)主要用于柑橘类和香蕉。最大残留量(g/kg)：柑橘类0.01，香蕉0.003；香蕉肉0.0004。
按FAO/WHO(1974)规定的残留量(mg/kg)：柑橘类≤10，香蕉≤3(整只)或0.4(果肉)。

4.内吸性杀菌剂。能防治多种植物的真菌病害，用于处理收获后的水果和蔬菜，可防治贮存中发生的上些病害，目前国内外已广泛应用。例如，柑桔用500-1000ppm药液浸，防治贮存期青霉病、绿霉病；香蕉用750-1500ppm药液浸，防治贮存期冠腐病、炭疽病；还可用500-1000ppm药液浸苹果、梨、菠萝、葡萄、草莓、甘蓝、白菜、蕃茄、蘑菇、甜菜、甘庶等，防治贮存期病害。

5.属内吸性杀菌剂，广泛用于水果、蔬菜的防腐保鲜，纸张、皮革、油漆等的防腐防霉，人、畜肠道的驱虫剂等。

包装等级：

III

风险类别：

9

海关代码：

2934100015

WGK_Germany：

2
德国有关水污染物质的分类清单

危险类别码：

R50/53

安全说明：

S60-S61

RTECS号：

DE0700000

安全标志：

S60:本物质残余物和容器必须作为危险废物处理。
S61:避免排放到环境中。参考专门的说明/安全数据表。

危险标志：

N:Dangerousfortheenvironment;

CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION

RTECS NUMBER :

DE0700000

CHEMICAL NAME :

Benzimidazole, 2-(4-thiazolyl)-

CAS REGISTRY NUMBER :

148-79-8

LAST UPDATED :

199806

DATA ITEMS CITED :

46

MOLECULAR FORMULA :

C10-H7-N3-S

MOLECULAR WEIGHT :

201.26

WISWESSER LINE NOTATION :

T56 BM DNJ C- ET5N CSJ

HEALTH HAZARD DATA

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Human - man

DOSE/DURATION :

47619 ug/kg/1D-I

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :

2080 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Behavioral - somnolence (general depressed activity) Behavioral - ataxia

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :

1300 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rabbit

DOSE/DURATION :

3850 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Bird - chicken

DOSE/DURATION :

4 gm/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Mammal - domestic

DOSE/DURATION :

400 mg/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :

22200 mg/kg/60D-I

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Related to Chronic Data - death

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :

13650 mg/kg/13W-C

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Liver - changes in liver weight Endocrine - other changes Related to Chronic Data - changes in testicular weight

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :

36 gm/kg/26W-C

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - weight loss or decreased weight gain

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :

24 gm/kg/30D

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Behavioral - general anesthetic Behavioral - food intake (animal) Behavioral - ataxia

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :

3500 mg/kg/7D-I

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Kidney, Ureter, Bladder - changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis) Kidney, Ureter, Bladder - urine volume increased

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - mouse

DOSE/DURATION :

160 gm/kg/13W-C

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Liver - changes in liver weight Blood - changes in spleen Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - weight loss or decreased weight gain

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :

175 gm/kg/2Y-C

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Tumorigenic - neoplastic by RTECS criteria Reproductive - Tumorigenic effects - testicular tumors Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - weight loss or decreased weight gain

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

DOSE :

1250 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :

female 6-15 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

DOSE :

10080 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :

male 6 week(s) pre-mating

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Reproductive - Fertility - male fertility index (e.g. # males impregnating females per # males exposed to fertile nonpregnant females)

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

DOSE :

2368 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :

female 8-15 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

DOSE :

5336 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :

female 8-15 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Reproductive - Fertility - litter size (e.g. # fetuses per litter; measured before birth) Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - skin and skin appendages

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

DOSE :

250 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :

female 9 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

DOSE :

11700 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :

female 7-15 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetal death Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

DOSE :

60 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :

female 9 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

DOSE :

240 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :

female 9 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

DOSE :

2400 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :

female 11 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - craniofacial (including nose and tongue)

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

DOSE :

7800 mg/kg

SEX/DURATION :

female 6-18 day(s) after conception

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)

TYPE OF TEST :

Micronucleus test

TYPE OF TEST :

DNA damage

TYPE OF TEST :

Sister chromatid exchange

TYPE OF TEST :

Sex chromosome loss and nondisjunction

MUTATION DATA

TYPE OF TEST :

Sex chromosome loss and nondisjunction

TEST SYSTEM :

Rodent - hamster Lung

DOSE/DURATION :

50 mg/L

REFERENCE :

MUREAV Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1964- Volume(issue)/page/year: 287,29,1993 *** REVIEWS *** TOXICOLOGY REVIEW MUREAV Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1964- Volume(issue)/page/year: 32,151,1975 *** U.S. STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS *** EPA FIFRA 1988 PESTICIDE SUBJECT TO REGISTRATION OR RE-REGISTRATION FEREAC Federal Register. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt. of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) V.1- 1936- Volume(issue)/page/year: 54,7740,1989 *** NIOSH STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT AND SURVEILLANCE DATA *** NIOSH OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE SURVEY DATA : NOHS - National Occupational Hazard Survey (1974) NOHS Hazard Code - 72430 No. of Facilities: 183 (estimated) No. of Industries: 2 No. of Occupations: 6 No. of Employees: 1746 (estimated) NOES - National Occupational Exposure Survey (1983) NOES Hazard Code - 72430 No. of Facilities: 193 (estimated) No. of Industries: 3 No. of Occupations: 12 No. of Employees: 5960 (estimated) No. of Female Employees: 1184 (estimated)

毒理学数据：

二、毒理学数据：

1、急性毒性：大鼠经口LD50：2080 mg/kg；

             小鼠经口LD50：1300 mg/kg；

兔子经口LD50：3850 mg/kg。虹鳟鱼LC50：5.5mg/L（48h）、3.5mg/L（96h）、蓝鳃鱼
LC50：18.5mg/L（48h）、4.0mg/L（96h）

生态数据：

三、生态学数据：

其它有害作用：该物质对环境可能有危害，对水体应给予特别注意。

中国海关编码：2934100015

概述：

2934100015 噻菌灵,噻菌胺,噻丙腈。监管条件:S(进出口农药登记证明)。增值税率:17.0%。退税率:9.0%。最低关税:6.5%。普通关税:20.0%

申报要素：

品名, 成分含量, 用途

监管条件：

S.进出口农药登记证明

摘要/Summary：

2934100015 2,4-dimethyl-n-phenylthiazole-5-carboxamide。supervision conditions:s(import or export registration certificate for pesticides)。VAT:17.0%。tax rebate rate:9.0%。MFN tarrif:6.5%。general tariff:20.0%

分子结构数据

 

五、分子性质数据：

1、  摩尔折射率：57.68

2、  摩尔体积（cm³/mol）：143.0

3、  等张比容（90.2K）：415.5

4、  表面张力（dyne/cm）：71.1

5、  极化率（10^-24cm³）：22.86

计算化学数据

1.疏水参数计算参考值（XlogP）:无

2.氢键供体数量:1

3.氢键受体数量:3

4.可旋转化学键数量:1

5.互变异构体数量:无

6.拓扑分子极性表面积69.8

7.重原子数量:14

8.表面电荷:0

9.复杂度:212

10.同位素原子数量:0

11.确定原子立构中心数量:0

12.不确定原子立构中心数量:0

13.确定化学键立构中心数量:0

14.不确定化学键立构中心数量:0

15.共价键单元数量:1

• 
  噻菌灵核磁图(¹³CNMR)
• 
  噻菌灵质谱(MS)
• 
  噻菌灵红外图谱(IR2)
• 
  噻菌灵红外图谱(IR1)