对苯二酚
- 中文名称：
- 对苯二酚
- 中文别名：
- 1,4-苯二酚;
对苯二酚;
醌醇;
氢醌;
1,4-二羟基苯
- 英文名称：
- Hydroguinone
- 英文别名：
- hydroquinone;
1,4-benzenediol;
Hydroquinone;
1,4-Benzenediol;
1,4-Dihydroxy-benzol;
1,4-dihydroxy-benzene;
p-hydroxy-PhOH;
1,4-Benzenediol,1,4-Dihydroxybenzene,HQ;
p-dihydroxybenzene;
1,4-dihydroxy-xanthen-9-one;
9H-Xanthen-9-one,1,4-dihydroxy;
1,4-dihydroxyanthron;
1,4-Dihydroxybenzene;
p-Benzenediol;
1,4-Dihydroxy-xanthen-9-on;
1,4-dihydroxyanthone;
1,4-Dihydroxyxanthon
- CAS No.：
- 123-31-9
- 分 子 式：
-
C6H6O2
- 分 子 量：
- 110.11
- 精确分子量：
- 110.03700
- PSA：
- 40.46000
- MDL：
- MFCD00002339
- EINECS：
- 204-617-8
- BRN：
- 605970
- InChI：
- InChI=1/C9H6O4/c10-6-3-5-1-2-9(12)13-8(5)4-7(6)11/h1-4,10-11H3
- 危险品标志：
-
Xn
N
- 分子结构式：
-
- SDS：
- 查看
对苯二酚 制备方法及用途
制备方法
-
1.将苯胺、二氧化锰和硫酸按摩尔比为1∶3∶4加入反应釜内,加料时应在夹套中通冷冻水控制温度在10℃以下。搅拌下反应10h,反应温度逐渐升至25℃左右,生成苯醌。然后在反应物内通入水蒸气进行水蒸气蒸馏,蒸出的苯醌与水蒸气经部分冷凝后流入还原釜,再加入与苯醌的摩尔比为1∶0.7的铁粉,加热至90～100℃,搅拌下反应3～4h,还原反应的产物为对苯二酚。还原产物经过滤除去氧化铁渣后,进行减压脱水浓缩。然后加入焦亚硫酸钠、活性炭、锌粉,加热至沸腾进行脱色。趁热过滤后,滤液缓缓降温至30℃以下,对苯二酚以针状结晶析出,经离心脱水后,加入沸腾床于80℃下进行干燥,即得成品。 2.苯酚羟基化法 采用过氧化氢作羟基化剂,反应在催化量的无机强酸或二价铁盐或钴盐存在下进行。总反应式为: 3.二异丙苯氧化法 利用过氧化物进行氧化反应,制得氢醌。其反应式如下: 4.照相级氢醌的制法 是用活性炭对溶解于无盐水中而形成的氢醌溶液进行脱色处理,然后于5～10℃下重新结晶,经离心分离后置于非氧化气氛中干燥制成。
合成制备方法
1.将苯胺、二氧化锰和硫酸按摩尔比为1∶3∶4加入反应釜内，加料时应在夹套中通冷冻水控制温度在10℃以下。搅拌下反应10h，反应温度逐渐升至25℃左右，生成苯醌。然后在反应物内通入水蒸气进行水蒸气蒸馏，蒸出的苯醌与水蒸气经部分冷凝后流入还原釜，再加入与苯醌的摩尔比为1∶0.7的铁粉，加热至90～100℃，搅拌下反应3～4h，还原反应的产物为对苯二酚。还原产物经过滤除去氧化铁渣后，进行减压脱水浓缩。然后加入焦亚硫酸钠、活性炭、锌粉，加热至沸腾进行脱色。趁热过滤后，滤液缓缓降温至30℃以下，对苯二酚以针状结晶析出，经离心脱水后，加入沸腾床于80℃下进行干燥，即得成品。
2.苯酚羟基化法 采用过氧化氢作羟基化剂，反应在催化量的无机强酸或二价铁盐或钴盐存在下进行。总反应式为：
3.二异丙苯氧化法 利用过氧化物进行氧化反应，制得氢醌。其反应式如下：
4.照相级氢醌的制法 是用活性炭对溶解于无盐水中而形成的氢醌溶液进行脱色处理，然后于5～10℃下重新结晶，经离心分离后置于非氧化气氛中干燥制成。
用途简介
-
对苯二酚，有机化合物，白色结晶。主要用于制取黑白显影剂、蒽醌染料、偶氮染料、橡胶防老剂、稳定剂和抗氧剂。光度测定磷、镁、铌、铜、硅和砷等。铱的极谱法和容量法测定。杂多酸的还原剂，铜和金的还原剂。检验磷酸盐、钨酸盐、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、硒和碲等。显影剂。
用途
1.对苯二酚主要用作照相的显影剂。对苯二酚及其烷基化物广泛用于单体贮运过程添加的阻聚剂，常用的浓度约为200ppm。对苯二酚一甲醚是食用油抗氧剂BHA的中间体；对苯二酚二甲醚是染料、有机颜料和香料的中间体；对苯二酚二乙醚是感光色素、染料的中间体。对苯二酚还用于制取N，N'-二苯基对苯二胺，是用于橡胶及汽油的抗氧剂和抗臭剂。
2.还用作照相显影剂，橡胶和汽油的抗氧剂，染料中间体等。
3.处理领域，将氢醌加于闭路加热和冷却系统的热水和冷却水中，对水侧金属能起缓蚀作用。氢醌用炉水的除氧剂，在锅炉水预热除氧时将氢醌加入其中，以除去残余溶解氧。
4.苯乙烯、丁二烯、异戊二烯、醋酸乙烯、丙烯腈等树脂或橡胶单体的阻聚剂，常用的浓度约为200×10-6还用作制取黑白显影剂、蒽醌染料、偶氮染料、橡胶防老剂、稳定剂和抗氧剂等。
5.用作苯乙烯、丙烯酸酯类、接枝氯丁胶黏剂、丙烯腈及其他乙烯基单体的阻聚剂及高温乳液聚合反应的终止剂或稳定剂。也用作酚醛丁腈胶黏剂的抗氧剂，汽油用阻凝剂，电影胶片、照相、X射线片的显影剂，橡胶防老剂，油脂及酚醛丁腈胶黏剂的抗氧剂，涂料和清漆的稳定剂等。也是制造蒽醌染料、偶氮染料、医药及染发剂的原料。
6.用作照相制版中的显影剂，用于电镀添加。
7.用作洗涤剂的缓蚀剂、稳定剂和抗氧剂等，还用于化妆品的染发剂。
8.制取黑白显影剂、蒽醌染料、偶氮染料、橡胶防老剂、稳定剂和抗氧剂。[31]
对苯二酚 物化性质
- 外观与性状：
- 灰白色粉末或白色针状晶体
- 密度：
- 1.32
- 熔点：
- 172-175 °C(lit.)
- 沸点：
- 285 °C(lit.)
- 闪点：
- 165 °C
- 水溶解性：
- 70 g/L (20 ºC)
- 折射率：
- 1.689
- 蒸汽压：
- 1.91E-09mmHg at 25°C
- 蒸汽密度：
- 3.81 (vs air)
- 存储条件/存储方法：
- 库房通风低温干燥,与氧化剂、食品添加剂分开存放
- 稳定性相关：
1.可燃,在空气中见光易变成褐色，碱性溶液中氧化更快。
2.中等毒性。在动物实验中，反复给予30-50mg／kg剂量可引起急性黄色肝萎缩，除严重损伤肾脏外，并能发生异常的色素沉着。所以，有时用它涂在人体局部可除去雀斑。服用1g对苯二酚能刺激食道而引起耳鸣、恶心、呕吐、腹痛、虚脱。服用5g可致死。此外，长期接触对二苯酚蒸气、粉尘或烟雾可刺激皮肤、黏膜，并引起眼的水晶体浑浊。操作现场空气中最高容许浓度2mg／m3。生产设备应闭，操作人员应穿戴好防护用具。
3.在动物试验中，反复给予30～50mg/kg剂量时，则可引起急性黄色肝萎缩，除引起严重的肝损伤外，并能发生异常的色素沉着。服用1g本品时，能刺激食道，而引起耳鸣、恶心、呕吐、腹痛、虚脱；服用5g时可致死。
4.氢醌有毒，可燃。氢醌的还原性很强，极易被氧化成对苯醌。氢醌有毒，可透过皮肤引起中毒。动物经口致死量为0.08～0.2g/kg。人若口服1g以上就会出现急性中毒症状，服用59g可致死。
5.稳定性[26] 稳定
6.禁配物[27] 酰基氯、酸酐、碱、强氧化剂、强酸
7.避免接触的条件[28] 光照、接触空气
8.聚合危害[29] 不聚合
- 其它信息：
1.性状：白色结晶[1]
2.熔点（℃）：170.5[2]
3.沸点（℃）：285[3]
4.相对密度（水=1）：1.33[4]
5.相对蒸气密度（空气=1）：3.81[5]
6.饱和蒸气压（kPa）：0.13（132.4℃）[6]
7.燃烧热（kJ/mol）：-2849.8[7]
8.临界温度（℃）：549.9[8]
9.临界压力（MPa）：7.45[9]
10.辛醇/水分配系数：0.59[10]
11.闪点（℃）：165（CC）[11]
12.引燃温度（℃）：516[12]
13.爆炸上限（%）：15.3[13]
14.爆炸下限（%）：1.6[14]
15.溶解性：溶于水，易溶于乙醇、乙醚。[15]
16.相对密度（20℃，4℃）：1.32815
17.晶相相标准燃烧热(焓)(kJ·mol-1)：-2854.1
18.晶相标准声称热(焓)( kJ·mol-1)：-364.5
19.气相标准燃烧热(焓)(kJ·mol-1)：-2953.3
20.气相标准声称热(焓)( kJ·mol-1) ：-265.3
21.气相标准熵(J·mol-1·K-1) ：344.28
22.气相标准生成自由能( kJ·mol-1)：-179.6
23.气相标准热熔(J·mol-1·K-1)：123.60
对苯二酚 安全信息
- 包装等级：
- III
- 风险类别：
- 9
- 海关代码：
- 2907221000
- WGK_Germany：
- 3
德国有关水污染物质的分类清单 - 危险类别码：
- R22;R40;R41;R43;R50;R68
- 安全说明：
- S26-S36/37/39-S61
- RTECS号：
- MX3500000
- 安全标志：
- S26:万一接触眼睛，立即使用大量清水冲洗并送医诊治。
S61:避免排放到环境中。参考专门的说明/安全数据表。
: - 危险标志：
- Xn:Harmful
对苯二酚 毒理性
CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION
- RTECS NUMBER :
- MX3500000
- CHEMICAL NAME :
- Hydroquinone
- CAS REGISTRY NUMBER :
- 123-31-9
- LAST UPDATED :
- 199806
- DATA ITEMS CITED :
- 126
- MOLECULAR FORMULA :
- C6-H6-O2
- MOLECULAR WEIGHT :
- 110.12
- WISWESSER LINE NOTATION :
- QR DQ
HEALTH HAZARD DATA
ACUTE TOXICITY DATA
- TYPE OF TEST :
- Standard Draize test
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Administration onto the skin
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Human
- TYPE OF TEST :
- Standard Draize test
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Administration onto the skin
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Human
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Human
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 29 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Human
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 170 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Behavioral - coma Cardiac - pulse rate increase, without fall in BP Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - cyanosis
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 320 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Behavioral - tremor Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Behavioral - excitement
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intraperitoneal
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 170 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Subcutaneous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 300 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intravenous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 115 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Behavioral - tremor Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Behavioral - excitement
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Unreported
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 720 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - mouse
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 245 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intraperitoneal
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - mouse
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 100 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Subcutaneous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - mouse
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 182 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Unreported
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - mouse
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 150 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Mammal - dog
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 200 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Behavioral - excitement Gastrointestinal - nausea or vomiting
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Subcutaneous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Mammal - dog
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 100 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intravenous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Mammal - dog
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 80 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Mammal - cat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 70 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Behavioral - excitement Gastrointestinal - changes in structure or function of salivary glands
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Subcutaneous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Mammal - cat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 50 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Behavioral - tremor Vascular - regional or general arteriolar or venous dilation Blood - methemoglobinemia-carboxyhemoglobin
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rabbit
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 200 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intraperitoneal
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rabbit
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 125 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intravenous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rabbit
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 100 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - guinea pig
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 550 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Behavioral - tremor Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Behavioral - excitement
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intraperitoneal
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - guinea pig
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 200 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Subcutaneous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - guinea pig
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 300 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Bird - pigeon
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 300 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Behavioral - excitement Gastrointestinal - nausea or vomiting
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Subcutaneous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Amphibian - frog
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 190 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Parenteral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Amphibian - frog
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 190 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Peripheral Nerve and Sensation - spastic paralysis with or without sensory change Behavioral - convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Cardiac - other changes
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Mammal - species unspecified
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 480 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Behavioral - changes in motor activity (specific assay) Behavioral - muscle contraction or spasticity Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - dyspnea
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Administration onto the skin
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Mammal - species unspecified
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 5970 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 236 gm/kg/9W-C
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Gastrointestinal - ulceration or bleeding from stomach Blood - changes in bone marrow (not otherwise specified) Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - weight loss or decreased weight gain
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 13 gm/kg/13W-I
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Liver - changes in liver weight Related to Chronic Data - death
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 6 gm/kg/14D-I
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Related to Chronic Data - death
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TCLo - Lowest published toxic concentration
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Inhalation
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 10 mg/m3/4H/17W-I
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Blood - normocytic anemia Blood - changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol) Blood - changes in erythrocyte (RBC) count
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - mouse
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 13 gm/kg/13W-I
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Liver - changes in liver weight Related to Chronic Data - death
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - mouse
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 32500 mg/kg/65W-I
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Brain and Coverings - changes in brain weight Liver - changes in liver weight Blood - changes in cell count (unspecified)
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - mouse
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 3 gm/kg/14D-I
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Related to Chronic Data - death
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Mammal - cat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 220 mg/kg/14D-I
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Behavioral - ataxia Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - other changes Related to Chronic Data - death
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 25750 mg/kg/2Y-C
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Tumorigenic - Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Kidney, Ureter, Bladder - Kidney tumors
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - mouse
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 25750 mg/kg/2Y-C
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Tumorigenic - neoplastic by RTECS criteria Liver - tumors
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TD - Toxic dose (other than lowest)
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 256 gm/kg/2Y-C
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Tumorigenic - neoplastic by RTECS criteria Kidney, Ureter, Bladder - Kidney tumors
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TD - Toxic dose (other than lowest)
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 349 gm/kg/2Y-C
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Tumorigenic - neoplastic by RTECS criteria Kidney, Ureter, Bladder - Kidney tumors
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TD - Toxic dose (other than lowest)
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - mouse
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 699 gm/kg/2Y-C
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Tumorigenic - neoplastic by RTECS criteria Liver - tumors
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TD - Toxic dose (other than lowest)
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - mouse
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 26 gm/kg/2Y-I
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Tumorigenic - Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Liver - tumors
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- DOSE :
- 2500 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 1-22 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- DOSE :
- 667 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 11 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- DOSE :
- 1 gm/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 11 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Fertility - litter size (e.g. # fetuses per litter; measured before birth)
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Subcutaneous
- DOSE :
- 5 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 1 day(s) pre-mating
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Maternal Effects - ovaries, fallopian tubes
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Subcutaneous
- DOSE :
- 550 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 11 day(s) pre-mating
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Maternal Effects - menstrual cycle changes or disorders
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Subcutaneous
- DOSE :
- 5100 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- male 51 day(s) pre-mating
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Paternal Effects - testes, epididymis, sperm duct Reproductive - Paternal Effects - prostate, seminal vesicle, Cowper's gland, accessory glands Reproductive - Fertility - male fertility index (e.g. # males impregnating females per # males exposed to fertile nonpregnant females)
- TYPE OF TEST :
- Unscheduled DNA synthesis
- TYPE OF TEST :
- Micronucleus test
- TYPE OF TEST :
- Micronucleus test
- TYPE OF TEST :
- Micronucleus test
- TYPE OF TEST :
- Mutation test systems - not otherwise specified
- TYPE OF TEST :
- Cytogenetic analysis
- TYPE OF TEST :
- Sex chromosome loss and nondisjunction
MUTATION DATA
- TYPE OF TEST :
- Mutation test systems - not otherwise specified
- TEST SYSTEM :
- Rodent - rabbit Bone marrow
- REFERENCE :
- CBINA8 Chemico-Biological Interactions. (Elsevier Scientific Pub. Ireland Ltd., POB 85, Limerick, Ireland) V.1- 1969- Volume(issue)/page/year: 50,203,1984 *** REVIEWS *** ACGIH TLV-Animal carcinogen DTLVS* The Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) booklet issues by American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), Cincinnati, OH, 1996 Volume(issue)/page/year: TLV/BEI,1997 ACGIH TLV-TWA 2 mg/m3 DTLVS* The Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) booklet issues by American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), Cincinnati, OH, 1996 Volume(issue)/page/year: TLV/BEI,1997 IARC Cancer Review:Animal Inadequate Evidence IMEMDT IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. (WHO Publications Centre USA, 49 Sheridan Ave., Albany, NY 12210) V.1- 1972- Volume(issue)/page/year: 15,155,1977 IARC Cancer Review:Human No Adequate Data IMEMDT IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. (WHO Publications Centre USA, 49 Sheridan Ave., Albany, NY 12210) V.1- 1972- Volume(issue)/page/year: 15,155,1977 IARC Cancer Review:Group 3 IMSUDL IARC Monographs, Supplement. (WHO Publications Centre USA, 49 Sheridan Ave., Albany, NY 12210) No.1- 1979- Volume(issue)/page/year: 7,56,1987 TOXICOLOGY REVIEW AEHLAU Archives of Environmental Health. (Heldref Pub., 4000 Albemarle St., NW, Washington, DC 20016) V.1- 1960- Volume(issue)/page/year: 23,6,1971 TOXICOLOGY REVIEW MUREAV Mutation Research. (Elsevier Science Pub. B.V., POB 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands) V.1- 1964- Volume(issue)/page/year: 47,75,1978 *** U.S. STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS *** MSHA STANDARD-air:TWA 2 mg/m3 DTLVS* The Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) booklet issues by American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), Cincinnati, OH, 1996 Volume(issue)/page/year: 3,133,1971 OSHA PEL (Gen Indu):8H TWA 2 mg/m3 CFRGBR Code of Federal Regulations. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt. of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) Volume(issue)/page/year: 29,1910.1000,1994 OSHA PEL (Construc):8H TWA 2 mg/m3 CFRGBR Code of Federal Regulations. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt. of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) Volume(issue)/page/year: 29,1926.55,1994 OSHA PEL (Shipyard):8H TWA 2 mg/m3 CFRGBR Code of Federal Regulations. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt. of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) Volume(issue)/page/year: 29,1915.1000,1993 OSHA PEL (Fed Cont):8H TWA 2 mg/m3 CFRGBR Code of Federal Regulations. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt. of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) Volume(issue)/page/year: 41,50-204.50,1994 *** OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMITS *** OEL-AUSTRALIA:TWA 2 mg/m3 JAN 1993 OEL-BELGIUM:TWA 2 mg/m3 JAN 1993 OEL-DENMARK:STEL 2 mg/m3 JAN 1993 OEL-FINLAND:TWA 2 mg/m3;STEL 4 mg/m3;Skin JAN 1993 OEL-FRANCE:TWA 2 mg/m3 JAN 1993 OEL-GERMANY:TWA 2 mg/m3 JAN 1993 OEL-THE NETHERLANDS:TWA 2 mg/m3 JAN 1993 OEL-THE PHILIPPINES:TWA 2 mg/m3 JAN 1993 OEL-POLAND:TWA 2 mg/m3 JAN 1993 OEL-SWEDEN:TWA 0.5 mg/m3;STEL 1.5 mg/m3 JAN 1993 OEL-SWITZERLAND:TWA 2 mg/m3;STEL 4 mg/m3 JAN 1993 OEL-TURKEY:TWA 2 mg/m3 JAN 1993 OEL-UNITED KINGDOM:TWA 2 mg/m3;STEL 4 mg/m3 JAN 1993 OEL IN BULGARIA, COLOMBIA, JORDAN, KOREA check ACGIH TLV OEL IN NEW ZEALAND, SINGAPORE, VIETNAM check ACGIH TLV *** NIOSH STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT AND SURVEILLANCE DATA *** NIOSH RECOMMENDED EXPOSURE LEVEL (REL) : NIOSH REL TO HYDROQUINONE-air:CL 2 mg/m3/15M REFERENCE : NIOSH* National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Reports and Memoranda. Volume(issue)/page/year: DHHS #92-100,1992 NIOSH OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE SURVEY DATA : NOHS - National Occupational Hazard Survey (1974) NOHS Hazard Code - M0747 No. of Facilities: 24380 (estimated) No. of Industries: 143 No. of Occupations: 88 No. of Employees: 116192 (estimated) NOES - National Occupational Exposure Survey (1983) NOES Hazard Code - M0747 No. of Facilities: 40917 (estimated) No. of Industries: 177 No. of Occupations: 136 No. of Employees: 442749 (estimated) No. of Female Employees: 144063 (estimated)
- 毒理学数据：
1.急性毒性[16] LD50：320mg/kg（大鼠经口）
2.刺激性[17] 人经皮：2%，轻度刺激；5%，重度刺激。
3.亚急性与慢性毒性[18] 动物亚急性中毒表现为溶血性黄疸、贫血、白细胞增多、红细胞脆性增加、低血糖、皮毛无光泽和明显的恶病质。
4.致突变性[19] 微生物致突变性：鼠伤寒沙门菌2μmol/皿。微核试验：人淋巴细胞75μmol/L。性染色体缺失和不分离：人淋巴细胞6mg/kg。DNA损伤：人骨髓500mol/L。
5.致畸形[20] 兔孕后6~14d经口给予最低中毒剂量（TDLo）1950mg/kg，致颅面部（包括鼻、舌）、肌肉骨骼系统发育畸形。
6.致癌性[21] IARC致癌性评论：组3，对人及动物致癌性证据不足。
7.其他[22] 大鼠经口最低中毒剂量（TDLo）：2500mg/kg（孕1~22d），致植入后的死亡率升高。大鼠皮下最低中毒剂量（TDLo）：5mg/kg（51d，雄性），影响睾丸、附睾、输精管、前列腺、精囊等，对雄性生育指数有影响。
- 生态数据：
1.生态毒性[23] LC50：0.1~0.18mg/L（黑头呆鱼）；0.05mg/L（水蚤）
2.生物降解性 暂无资料
3.非生物降解性[24] 空气中，当羟基自由基浓度为5.00×105个/cm3时，降解半衰期为16.8h（理论）。
4.生物富集性[25] BCF：40（理论）；40~65（实验，24h）
对苯二酚 MSDS
| 国标编号: | 61725 |
| ＣＡＳ: | 123-31-9 |
| 中文名称: | 1，4-苯二酚 |
| 英文名称: | p-Dihydroxybenzene；p-Hydroquinone |
| 别 名: | 对苯二酚；氢醌 |
| 分子式: | C6H6O2；HOC6H4OH |
| 分子量: | 110.11 |
| 熔 点: | 170.5℃ |
| 密 度: | 相对密度(水=1)1.33； |
| 蒸汽压: | 165℃ |
| 溶解性: | 溶于水，易溶于乙醇、乙醚 |
| 稳定性: | 稳定 |
| 外观与性状: | 白色结晶 |
| 危险标记: | 15(毒害品) |
| 用 途: | 制取黑白显影剂、蒽醌染料、偶氮染料、橡胶防老剂、稳定剂和抗氧剂 |
2.对环境的影响:
一、健康危害
侵入途径：吸入、食入、经皮吸收。 健康危害：毒性比酚大，对皮肤、粘膜有强烈的腐蚀作用，可抑制中枢神经系统或损害肝、皮肤功能。 急性中毒：吸入高浓度蒸气，可致头痛、头昏、乏力、视物模糊、肺水肿等；误服可出现头痛、头晕、耳鸣、苍白、紫绀、恶心、呕吐、腹育、呼吸困难、心动过速、尺厥、谵妄和虚脱 ，严重者呕血、血尿、溶血性黄疸，甚至可致死。 慢性影响：长期低浓度吸入，可致头痛、头晕、咳嗽、食欲减退、恶心、呕吐等。皮肤可引起皮炎。
二、毒理学资料及环境行为
急性毒性：LD50 320mg/kg(大鼠经口)；人经口5000mg/kg，死亡。 刺激性：人经皮：250mg (24小时)，轻度刺激。 亚急性和慢性毒性：动物亚急性中毒表现为溶血性黄疸、贫血、白细胞增多、红细胞脆性增加、低血糖、皮毛无光泽和明显的恶病质。 致突变性：微生物致突变性：鼠伤寒沙门氏菌2umol/皿。微核试验：人淋巴细胞75umol/L。性染色体缺失和不分离：人淋巴细胞6mg/kg。DNA损伤：人骨髓500mol/L。 生殖毒性：大鼠经口最低中毒剂量(TDL0)：2500mg/kg(孕1～22天)，致植入后的死亡率(51天，雄性)，影响睾丸、附睾、输精管、前列腺、精囊等，对雄性生育指数有影响。 致癌性：IARC致癌性评论：动物不明确，人类无可靠数据。
危险特性：遇明火、高热可燃。与强氧化剂可发生反应。受高热分解放出有毒的气体。 燃烧(分解)产物：一氧化碳、二氧化碳。
3.现场应急监测方法:
4.实验室监测方法:
气相色谱法，参照《分析化学手册》(第四分册，色谱分析)，化学工业空气中：样品经滤器收集后，用酸洗脱，再用高压液相色谱法测定(NIOSH法)高效液相色谱法测定焦化废水中的酚类化合物[刊]/张万让等//新疆环境保护1989,(1).-49～52
5.环境标准:
| 前苏联(1975) | 作业环境空气中有害物质的允许浓度 | 2mg/m3 |
| 前苏联(1978) | 地面水中最高容许浓度 | 0.2mg/L |
| 前苏联(1975) | 污水排放标准 | 0.5mg/L |
| 水中嗅觉阈浓度 | 5mg/L |
6.应急处理处置方法:
一、泄漏应急处理
隔离泄漏污染区，周围设警标志，建议应急处理人员戴好防毒面具，穿化学防护服。不要直接接触泄漏物，避免扬尘，用清洁的铲子收集于干燥净洁有盖的容器中，运至废物场所。也可以用大量水冲洗，经稀释的洗水放入废水系统。如大量泄漏，收集回收或无害处理后废弃。 废弃物处置方法：用焚烧法。焚烧炉排出的气体通过洗涤器除去有害成份。
二、防护措施
呼吸系统防护：空气中浓度超标时，必须佩带防毒面具。紧急事态抢救或逃生时，佩带自给式呼吸器。 眼睛防护：戴化学安全防护眼镜。 防护服：穿相应的防护服。 手防护：戴防化学品手套。 其它：工作现场禁止吸烟、进食和饮水。工作后，彻底清洗。单独存入被毒物污染的衣服，洗后再用。注意个人清洁卫生。
三、急救措施
皮肤接触：立即脱去污染的衣着，用甘油、聚乙烯乙二醇或聚乙烯乙二醇和酒精混合液(7:3)抹擦。然后用水彻底冲洗。或立即用水冲洗至少15分钟。就医。 眼睛接触：立即提起眼睑，用流动清水或生理盐水冲洗至少15分钟。就医。 吸入：迅速脱离现场至空气新鲜处。保持呼吸道通畅。呼吸困难时给输氧。呼吸停止时，立即进行人工呼吸。就医。 食入：患者清醒时立即给饮植物油15～30ml。催吐，尽快彻底洗胃。就医。
灭火方法：雾状水、泡沫、二氧化碳、干粉、砂土。
废弃物处置方法：用焚烧法。焚烧炉排出的气体通过洗涤器除去有害成份。
对苯二酚 海关数据
中国海关编码：2907221000
- 概述：
- 2907221000 对苯二酚。监管条件:无。增值税率:17.0%。退税率:9.0%。最低关税:5.5%。普通关税:30.0%
- 申报要素：
- 品名, 成分含量, 用途
- 摘要/Summary：
- 2907221000 hydroquinone。Supervision conditions:None。VAT:17.0%。Tax rebate rate:9.0%。Lowest tariff:5.5%。General tariff:30.0%
对苯二酚 分子结构与计算化学数据
分子结构数据
1、摩尔折射率：30.01
2、摩尔体积（cm3/mol）：86.2
3、等张比容（90.2K）：237.3
4、表面张力（dyne/cm）：57.1
5、极化率（10-24cm3）：11.89
计算化学数据
1.疏水参数计算参考值（XlogP）:无
2.氢键供体数量:2
3.氢键受体数量:2
4.可旋转化学键数量:0
5.互变异构体数量:3
6.拓扑分子极性表面积40.5
7.重原子数量:8
8.表面电荷:0
9.复杂度:54.9
10.同位素原子数量:0
11.确定原子立构中心数量:0
12.不确定原子立构中心数量:0
13.确定化学键立构中心数量:0
14.不确定化学键立构中心数量:0
15.共价键单元数量:1
