甲醇
- 中文名称：
- 甲醇
- 中文别名：
- 甲醇;
木精;
木醇
- 英文名称：
- Methyl alcohol
- 英文别名：
- methanol;
Methanol;
methyl alcohol
- CAS No.：
- 67-56-1
- 分 子 式：
-
CH4O
- 分 子 量：
- 32.04
- 精确分子量：
- 32.02620
- PSA：
- 20.23000
- MDL：
- MFCD00004595
- EINECS：
- 200-659-6
- BRN：
- 1098229
- InChI：
- The Key: OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N3
- 危险品标志：
-
F
T
F
T- 分子结构式：
-
- SDS：
- 查看
甲醇 制备方法及用途
制备方法
-
基本有机原料之一。主要用于制造甲醛、醋酸、氯甲烷、甲胺和硫酸二甲酯等多种有机产品。也是农药（杀虫剂、杀螨剂）、医药（磺胺类、合霉素等）的原料，合成对苯二甲酸二甲酯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯和丙烯酸甲酯的原料之一。还是重要的溶剂，亦可掺入汽油作替代燃料使用。20世纪80年代以来，甲醇用于生产汽油辛烷值添加剂甲基叔丁基醚、甲醇汽油、甲醇燃料，以及甲醇蛋白等产品，大大促进了甲醇生产的发展和市场需要。
合成制备方法
1.工业上合成甲醇几乎全部采用一氧化碳加压催化加氢的方法，工艺过程包括造气、合成净化、甲醇合成和粗甲醇精馏等工序。粗甲醇的净化过程包括精馏和化学处理。化学处理主要用碱破坏在精馏过程中难以分离的杂质，并调节pH值；精馏主要是脱除易挥发组分如二甲醚，以及难挥发组分职乙醇、高碳醇和水。粗馏后的纯度一般都可达到98%以上。
2.将工业甲醇用精馏的方法将含水量降到0.01%以下。再用次碘酸钠处理，可除去其中的丙酮。经精馏得纯品甲醇。
3.BV-Ⅲ级甲醇的制备主要采用精馏工艺。以工业甲醇为原料，经精馏、超净过滤、超净分装，得高纯甲醇产品。
4.一般均以工业甲醇为原料，经常压蒸馏除去水分，控制塔顶64～65℃，过滤除去不溶物即可。
用途简介
用途
1.基本有机原料之一。主要用于制造甲醛、醋酸、氯甲烷、甲胺和硫酸二甲酯等多种有机产 品。也是农药（杀虫剂、杀螨剂）、医药（磺胺类、合霉素等）的原料，合成对苯二甲酸二甲酯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯和丙烯酸甲酯的原料之一。还是重要的溶剂，亦可掺入汽油作替代燃料使用。20世纪80年代以来，甲醇用于生产汽油辛烷值添加剂甲基叔丁基醚、甲醇汽油、甲醇燃料，以及甲醇蛋白等产品，大大促进了甲醇生产的发展和市场需要。
2.用作涂料、清漆、虫胶、油墨、胶黏剂、染料、生物碱、醋酸纤维素、硝酸纤维素、乙基纤维素、聚乙烯醇缩丁醛等的溶剂。也是制造农药、医药、塑料、合成纤维及有机化工产品如甲醛、甲胺、氯甲烷、硫酸二甲酯等的原料。其他用作汽车防冻液、金属表面清洗剂和酒精变性剂等。
3.甲醇为清洗去油剂，MOS级主要用于分立器件，中、大规模集成电路，BV-Ⅲ级主要用于超大规模集成电路工艺技术。
4.用作分析试剂，如作溶剂、甲基化试剂、色谱分析试剂。还用于有机合成。
5.用于电子工业， 常用作清洗去油剂。
6. 通常甲醇是一种比乙醇更好的溶剂，可以溶解许多无机盐。
7.主要用于制甲醛、香精、染料、医药、火药、防冻剂、溶剂等。[29]
甲醇 物化性质
- 外观与性状：
- 透明无色液体
- 密度：
- 0.791
- 熔点：
- -98ºC
- 沸点：
- 64.7ºC
- 闪点：
- 12ºC
- 折射率：
- 1.328-1.330
- 蒸汽压：
- 2.14mmHg at 25°C
- 存储条件/存储方法：
- 库房通风低温干燥,与氧化剂、酸类分开存放
- 稳定性相关：
1.化学性质：具有饱和一元醇的通性，由于只有一个碳原子，因此有其特有的反应。例如：① 与氯化钙形成结晶状物质CaCl2·4CH3OH，与氧化钡形成BaO·2CH3OH的分子化合物并溶解于甲醇中；类似的化合物有MgCl2·6CH3OH、CuSO4·2CH3OH、CH3OK·CH3OH、AlCl3·4CH3OH、AlCl3·6CH3OH、AlCl3·10CH3OH等；② 与其他醇不同，由于-CH2OH基与氢结合，氧化时生成的甲酸进一步氧化为CO2；③ 甲醇与氯、溴不易发生反应，但易与其水溶液作用，最初生成二氯甲醚(CH2Cl)2O，因水的作用转变成HCHO与HCl；④ 与碱、石灰一起加热，产生氢气并生成甲酸钠；CH3OH+NaOH→HCOONa+2H2；⑤ 与锌粉一起蒸馏，发生分解，生成CO和H2O。
2.甲醇为有毒化工产品，具有显著的麻醉作用，对于视神经危害最为严重。饮入5~10ml/kg甲醇可致严重中毒,10ml/kg以上有失明危险，饮入30ml/kg可以致死。甲醇可经消化道、呼吸道及皮肤渗透侵入人体导致中毒。吸入浓的甲醇蒸气时，除了特有的症状酩酊、头痛以外，常使视力模糊而眼痛。这些症状有的在数小时之后即能发生，重症时，呈现眩晕、呼吸困难、胃痛、疝痛、便秘，有时还会有出血，需要数日才恢复。在这期间也能引起疲劳、不适，重症时能出现发绀。不论急性、慢性都需要较长时间才能恢复。工作场所空气中甲醇蒸气最高容许浓度260mg/m3。防护方法在于生产设备密闭，严防入口、入眼或接触伤口。如有黏沾，迅速用水冲洗。急性中毒者迅速移到新鲜空气处。严重者送医院诊治。
3.属中等毒类。主要作用于神经系统，具有麻醉作用。可被皮肤吸收、饮用或吸入蒸气而造成中毒，其特征是刺激视神经及网膜，导致眼睛失明。乙醇在体内能迅速分解排除，而甲醇排出缓慢，故有累积性。吸入甲醇蒸气会刺激眼、鼻和咽喉，引起眩晕、头痛、沉醉、流泪和视力模糊。重症时呈现麻醉、呼吸困难、恶心、呕吐、胃痛、疝痛、膀胱痛、便秘、有时还会出血。一般误饮5~10ml可致严重中毒，15ml可致失明，30ml左右可致死。兔经口致死量为10ml/kg。嗅觉阈浓度140mg/m3。TJ36-79规定车间空气中最高容许浓度为50mg/m3。
4.稳定性[25] 稳定
5.禁配物[26] 酸类、酸酐、强氧化剂、碱金属
6.聚合危害[27] 不聚合
- 其它信息：
1.性状：无色透明液体，有刺激性气味。[1]
2.熔点（℃）：-97.8[2]
3.沸点（℃）：64.7[3]
4.相对密度（水=1）：0.79[4]
5.相对蒸气密度（空气=1）：1.1[5]
6.饱和蒸气压（kPa）：12.3（20℃）[6]
7.燃烧热（kJ/mol）：-723[7]
8.临界温度（℃）：240[8]
9.临界压力（MPa）：7.95[9]
10.辛醇/水分配系数：-0.82~-0.77[10]
11.闪点（℃）：12（CC）；12.2（OC）[11]
12.引燃温度（℃）：464[12]
13.爆炸上限（%）：36.5[13]
14.爆炸下限（%）：6[14]
15.溶解性：溶于水，可混溶与醇类、乙醚等多数有机溶剂。[15]
16.折射率（n20ºC）：1.3284
17.黏度（mPa·s,15ºC）：0.6405
18.黏度（mPa·s,20ºC）：0.5945
19.黏度（mPa·s,25ºC）：0.5525
20.黏度（mPa·s,30ºC）：0.5142
21.闪点（ºC,开口）：11
22.闪点（ºC,闭口）：12.0
23.蒸发热（KJ/mol,b.p.）：35.32
24.熔化热（KJ/kg）：98.81
25.生成热（KJ/mol,气体）：-201.39
26.生成热（KJ/mol,液体）：-238.82
27.比热容（KJ/(kg·K),20ºC,定压）：2.51
28.沸点上升常数：0.785
29.电导率（S/m,25ºC）：1.5×10-9
30.热导率（W/(m·K),30ºC）：21.3527
31.体膨胀系数（K-1,20ºC）：0.00119
32.体膨胀系数（K-1,55ºC）：0.00124
33.相对密度（25℃，4℃）：1.7866
34.相对密度（25℃，4℃）：1.3265
35.临界密度（g·cm-3）：0.273
36.临界体积（cm3·mol-1）：117
37.临界压缩因子：0.223
38.偏心因子：0.566
39.Lennard-Jones参数（A）：3.8632
40.Lennard-Jones参数（K）：419.86
41.溶度参数(J·cm-3)0.5：29.532
42.van der Waals面积（cm2·mol-1）：3.580×109
43.van der Waals体积（cm3·mol-1）：21.710
44.气相标准燃烧热(焓)(kJ·mol-1)：764.9
45.气相标准声称热(焓)( kJ·mol-1) ：-201.5
46.气相标准熵(J·mol-1·K-1) ：239.88
47.气相标准生成自由能( kJ·mol-1)：-161.6
48.气相标准热熔(J·mol-1·K-1)：44.06
49.液相标准燃烧热(焓)(kJ·mol-1)：-726.9
50.液相标准声称热(焓)( kJ·mol-1)：-239.1
51.液相标准熵(J·mol-1·K-1) ：127.24
52.液相标准生成自由能( kJ·mol-1)：-166.88
53.液相标准热熔(J·mol-1·K-1)：81.4
甲醇 安全信息
- 包装等级：
- II
- 风险类别：
- 3
- 海关代码：
- 2905110000
- WGK_Germany：
- 1
德国有关水污染物质的分类清单 - 危险类别码：
- R11;R23/24/25;R39/23/24/25
- 安全说明：
- S16-S36/37-S45-S7
- RTECS号：
- PC1400000
- 安全标志：
- S7:保持容器紧密封闭。
S16:远离火源。
S24:避免接触皮肤。
S45:出现意外或者感到不适，立刻到医生那里寻求帮助（最好带去产品容器标签）。
:
:
: - 危险标志：
- F:Flammable
甲醇 毒理性
CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION
- RTECS NUMBER :
- PC1400000
- CHEMICAL NAME :
- Methanol
- CAS REGISTRY NUMBER :
- 67-56-1
- LAST UPDATED :
- 199712
- DATA ITEMS CITED :
- 109
- MOLECULAR FORMULA :
- C-H4-O
- MOLECULAR WEIGHT :
- 32.05
- WISWESSER LINE NOTATION :
- Q1
HEALTH HAZARD DATA
ACUTE TOXICITY DATA
- TYPE OF TEST :
- Standard Draize test
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Administration onto the skin
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rabbit
- TYPE OF TEST :
- Standard Draize test
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Administration into the eye
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rabbit
- TYPE OF TEST :
- Standard Draize test
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Administration into the eye
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rabbit
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Human - man
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 6422 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Brain and Coverings - changes in circulation (hemorrhage, thrombosis, etc.) Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - dyspnea Gastrointestinal - nausea or vomiting
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Human - man
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 3429 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Sense Organs and Special Senses (Eye) - visual field changes
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Human
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 428 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Behavioral - headache Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - other changes
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Human
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 143 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Sense Organs and Special Senses (Eye) - optic nerve neuropathy Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - dyspnea Gastrointestinal - nausea or vomiting
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Human - woman
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 4 gm/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Sense Organs and Special Senses (Eye) - visual field changes Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - dyspnea Gastrointestinal - nausea or vomiting
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TCLo - Lowest published toxic concentration
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Inhalation
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Human
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 86000 mg/m3
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Sense Organs and Special Senses (Eye) - lacrimation Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - cough Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - other changes
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TCLo - Lowest published toxic concentration
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Inhalation
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Human
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 300 ppm
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Sense Organs and Special Senses (Eye) - visual field changes Behavioral - headache Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - other changes
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Unreported
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Human - man
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 868 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 5628 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LC50 - Lethal concentration, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Inhalation
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 64000 ppm/4H
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intraperitoneal
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 7529 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intravenous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 2131 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - mouse
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 7300 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LCLo - Lowest published lethal concentration
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Inhalation
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - mouse
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 50 gm/m3/2H
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intraperitoneal
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - mouse
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 10765 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Subcutaneous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - mouse
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 9800 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intravenous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - mouse
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 4710 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Mammal - dog
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 7500 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Primate - monkey
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 7 gm/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Behavioral - muscle weakness Behavioral - ataxia Behavioral - coma
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LCLo - Lowest published lethal concentration
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Inhalation
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Primate - monkey
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 1000 ppm
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Administration onto the skin
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Primate - monkey
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 393 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LCLo - Lowest published lethal concentration
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Inhalation
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Mammal - cat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 44 gm/m3/6H
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Behavioral - food intake (animal) Behavioral - muscle weakness Gastrointestinal - changes in structure or function of salivary glands
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intravenous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Mammal - cat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 4641 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rabbit
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 14200 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Administration onto the skin
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rabbit
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 15800 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intraperitoneal
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rabbit
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 1826 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intravenous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rabbit
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 8907 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intraperitoneal
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - guinea pig
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 3556 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intraperitoneal
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - hamster
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 8555 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Parenteral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Amphibian - frog
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 59 gm/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Peripheral Nerve and Sensation - spastic paralysis with or without sensory change Behavioral - somnolence (general depressed activity)
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 12 gm/kg/8W-I
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Behavioral - ataxia Behavioral - alteration of operant conditioning
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 7 mL/kg/7D-I
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Liver - other changes Biochemical - Effect on specific coenzyme - B vitamins including folate
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TCLo - Lowest published toxic concentration
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Inhalation
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 50 mg/m3/12H/13W-I
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Brain and Coverings - other degenerative changes Behavioral - muscle contraction or spasticity
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TCLo - Lowest published toxic concentration
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Inhalation
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 2610 ppm/6H/4W-I
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Endocrine - changes in spleen weight
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intraperitoneal
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 3846 ug/kg/30D-I
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Blood - changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol) Biochemical - Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels - phosphatases Biochemical - Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels - transaminases
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- DOSE :
- 7500 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 17-19 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - behavioral
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- DOSE :
- 35295 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 1-15 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Fertility - female fertility index (e.g. # females pregnant per # sperm positive females; # females pregnant per # females mated) Reproductive - Fertility - pre-implantation mortality (e.g. reduction in number of implants per female; total number of implants per corpora lutea) Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- DOSE :
- 35295 mg/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 1-15 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - biochemical and metabolic
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- DOSE :
- 20 gm/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 6-15 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants) Reproductive - Fertility - litter size (e.g. # fetuses per litter; measured before birth)
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TCLo - Lowest published toxic concentration
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Inhalation
- DOSE :
- 20000 ppm/7H
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 1-22 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - cardiovascular (circulatory) system Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - urogenital system
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TCLo - Lowest published toxic concentration
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Inhalation
- DOSE :
- 20000 ppm/7H
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 7-15 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - endocrine system
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TCLo - Lowest published toxic concentration
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Inhalation
- DOSE :
- 10000 ppm/7H
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 7-15 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- DOSE :
- 200 ppm/20H
- SEX/DURATION :
- male 78 week(s) pre-mating
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Paternal Effects - testes, epididymis, sperm duct
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- DOSE :
- 5200 uL/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 10 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - eye/ear Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - urogenital system
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- DOSE :
- 40 gm/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 6-15 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - craniofacial (including nose and tongue)
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- DOSE :
- 4 gm/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 7 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - craniofacial (including nose and tongue) Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TCLo - Lowest published toxic concentration
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Inhalation
- DOSE :
- 1500 ppm/6H
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 7-9 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - Central Nervous System
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TCLo - Lowest published toxic concentration
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Inhalation
- DOSE :
- 5000 ppm/7H
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 6-15 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - Central Nervous System Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - craniofacial (including nose and tongue)
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TCLo - Lowest published toxic concentration
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Inhalation
- DOSE :
- 7500 ppm/7H
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 6-15 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants) Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetal death
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TCLo - Lowest published toxic concentration
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Inhalation
- DOSE :
- 2000 ppm/7H
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 6-15 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TCLo - Lowest published toxic concentration
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Inhalation
- DOSE :
- 15000 ppm
- SEX/DURATION :
- female 7-9 day(s) after conception
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants) Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intraperitoneal
- DOSE :
- 5 gm/kg
- SEX/DURATION :
- male 5 day(s) pre-mating
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Reproductive - Paternal Effects - spermatogenesis (incl. genetic material, sperm morphology, motility, and count)
- TYPE OF TEST :
- Cytogenetic analysis
- TYPE OF TEST :
- DNA damage
- TYPE OF TEST :
- Cytogenetic analysis
MUTATION DATA
- TEST SYSTEM :
- Rodent - mouse
- REFERENCE :
- ENMUDM Environmental Mutagenesis. (New York, NY) V.1-9, 1979-87. For publisher information, see EMMUEG. Volume(issue)/page/year: 5,381,1983 *** REVIEWS *** ACGIH TLV-STEL 328 mg/m3 (250 ppm) (skin) DTLVS* The Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) booklet issues by American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), Cincinnati, OH, 1996 Volume(issue)/page/year: TLV/BEI,1997 ACGIH TLV-TWA 262 mg/m3 (200 ppm) DTLVS* The Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) booklet issues by American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), Cincinnati, OH, 1996 Volume(issue)/page/year: TLV/BEI,1997 TOXICOLOGY REVIEW MEDIAV Medicine. (Williams & Wilkins Co., 428 E. Preston St., Baltimore, MD 21202) V.1- 1922- Volume(issue)/page/year: 32,431,1953 TOXICOLOGY REVIEW CLCHAU Clinical Chemistry (Winston-Salem, NC). (American Assoc. for Clinical Chemistry, 1725 K St., NW, Washington, DC 20006) V.1- 1955- Volume(issue)/page/year: 19,361,1973 TOXICOLOGY REVIEW FNSCA6 Forensic Science. (Lausanne, Switzerland) V.1-11, 1972-78. For pub lisher information, see FSINDR. Volume(issue)/page/year: 2,67,1973 TOXICOLOGY REVIEW JTEHD6 Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. (Hemisphere Pub., 1025 Vermont Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20005) V.1- 1975/76- Volume(issue)/page/year: 1,153,1975 TOXICOLOGY REVIEW MJAUAJ Medical Journal of Australia. (Australasian Medical Pub. Co. Ltd., 71-79 Arundel St., Glebe, N.S.W., Australia) V.1- 1914- Volume(issue)/page/year: 2,483,1978 *** U.S. STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS *** EPA FIFRA 1988 PESTICIDE SUBJECT TO REGISTRATION OR RE-REGISTRATION FEREAC Federal Register. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt. of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) V.1- 1936- Volume(issue)/page/year: 54,7740,1989 MSHA STANDARD-air:TWA 200 ppm (260 mg/m3) (skin) DTLVS* The Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) booklet issues by American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), Cincinnati, OH, 1996 Volume(issue)/page/year: 3,155,1971 OSHA PEL (Gen Indu):8H TWA 200 ppm (260 mg/m3) CFRGBR Code of Federal Regulations. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt. of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) Volume(issue)/page/year: 29,1910.1000,1994 OSHA PEL (Construc):8H TWA 200 ppm (260 mg/m3) CFRGBR Code of Federal Regulations. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt. of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) Volume(issue)/page/year: 29,1926.55,1994 OSHA PEL (Shipyard):8H TWA 200 ppm (260 mg/m3) CFRGBR Code of Federal Regulations. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt. of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) Volume(issue)/page/year: 29,1915.1000,1993 OSHA PEL (Fed Cont):8H TWA 200 ppm (260 mg/m3) CFRGBR Code of Federal Regulations. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt. of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) Volume(issue)/page/year: 41,50-204.50,1994 *** OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMITS *** OEL-ARAB Republic of Egypt:TWA 200 ppm (260 mg/m3);Skin JAN 1993 OEL-AUSTRALIA:TWA 200 ppm (260 mg/m3);STEL 250 ppm;Skin JAN 1993 OEL-BELGIUM:TWA 200 ppm (262 mg/m3);STEL 250 ppm;Skin JAN 1993 OEL-DENMARK:TWA 200 ppm (260 mg/m3);Skin JAN 1993 OEL-FINLAND:TWA 200 ppm (260 mg/m3);STEL 250 ppm;Skin JAN 1993 OEL-FRANCE:TWA 200 ppm (260 mg/m3);STEL 1000 ppm (1300 mg/m3) JAN 1993 OEL-GERMANY:TWA 200 ppm (260 mg/m3);Skin JAN 1993 OEL-HUNGARY:TWA 50 mg/m3;STEL 100 mg/m3;Skin JAN 1993 OEL-JAPAN:TWA 200 ppm (260 mg/m3);Skin JAN 1993 OEL-THE NETHERLANDS:TWA 200 ppm (260 mg/m3);Skin JAN 1993 OEL-THE PHILIPPINES:TWA 200 ppm (260 mg/m3) JAN 1993 OEL-POLAND:TWA 100 mg/m3 JAN 1993 OEL-RUSSIA:TWA 200 ppm;STEL 5 mg/m3;Skin JAN 1993 OEL-SWEDEN:TWA 200 ppm (250 mg/m3);STEL 250 ppm (350 mg/m3);Skin JAN 1993 OEL-SWITZERLAND:TWA 200 ppm (260 mg/m3);STEL 400 ppm;Skin JAN 1993 OEL-THAILAND:TWA 200 ppm (260 mg/m3) JAN 1993 OEL-TURKEY:TWA 200 ppm (260 mg/m3) JAN 1993 OEL-UNITED KINGDOM:TWA 200 ppm (260 mg/m3);STEL 250 ppm;Skin JAN 1993 OEL IN BULGARIA, COLOMBIA, JORDAN, KOREA check ACGIH TLV OEL IN NEW ZEALAND, SINGAPORE, VIETNAM check ACGIH TLV *** NIOSH STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT AND SURVEILLANCE DATA *** NIOSH RECOMMENDED EXPOSURE LEVEL (REL) : NIOSH REL TO METHANOL-air:10H TWA 200 ppm (Sk);STEL 250 ppm (Sk) REFERENCE : NIOSH* National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Reports and Memoranda. Volume(issue)/page/year: DHHS #92-100,1992 NIOSH OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE SURVEY DATA : NOHS - National Occupational Hazard Survey (1974) NOHS Hazard Code - 45930 No. of Facilities: 78840 (estimated) No. of Industries: 344 No. of Occupations: 203 No. of Employees: 737242 (estimated) NOES - National Occupational Exposure Survey (1983) NOES Hazard Code - 45930 No. of Facilities: 101075 (estimated) No. of Industries: 373 No. of Occupations: 225 No. of Employees: 1620617 (estimated) No. of Female Employees: 388352 (estimated)
- 毒理学数据：
1.急性毒性[16]
LD50：7300mg/kg（小鼠经口）；15800mg/kg（兔经皮）
LC50：64000ppm（大鼠吸入，4h）
2.刺激性[17]
家兔经皮：20mg（24h），中度刺激。
家兔经眼：40mg，中度刺激。
3.亚急性与慢性毒性[18] 大鼠吸入50mg/m3，每天12h，3个月，在8~10周内可见到气管、支气管黏膜损害，大脑皮质细胞营养障碍等。
4.致突变性[19] 微生物致突变：酿酒酵母菌12%。DNA抑制：人类淋巴细胞300mmol/L。
5.致畸性[20] 鼠孕后6~14d吸入最低中毒剂量（TCLo）20000ppm（7h），致肌肉骨骼系统、心血管系统、泌尿生殖系统发育畸形。大鼠、小鼠孕后不同时间给予不同剂量，可致内分泌系统、眼、耳、中枢神经系统、颅面部（包括鼻、舌）发育畸形。
6.其他[21] 大鼠经口最低中毒剂量（TDLo）：7500mg/kg（孕7~19d），对新手鼠行为有影响。大鼠吸入最低中毒浓度（TCLo）：20000ppm（7h）（孕1~22d），引起肌肉骨骼、心血管系统和泌尿系统发育异常。
- 生态数据：
1.对呼吸道及胃肠道黏膜有刺激作用，对血管神经有毒作用，引起血管痉挛，形成瘀血或出血；对视神经和视网膜有特殊的选择作用，使视网膜因缺乏营养而坏死。
2.生态毒性[22] LC50：15.4~29.4g/L（96h）（黑头呆鱼）
3.生物降解性[23] MITI-I测试，初始浓度100ppm，污泥浓度30ppm，2周后降解92%。
4.非生物降解性[24] 空气中，当羟基自由基浓度为5.00×105个/cm3时，降解半衰期为17d（理论）。
甲醇 MSDS
| 国标编号: | 32058 |
| ＣＡＳ: | 67-56-1 |
| 中文名称: | 甲醇 |
| 英文名称: | methyl alcohol；Methanol |
| 别 名: | 木酒精 |
| 分子式: | CH4O；CH3OH |
| 分子量: | 32.04 |
| 熔 点: | -97.8℃ 沸点：64.8℃ |
| 密 度: | 相对密度(水=1)0.79； |
| 蒸汽压: | 11℃ |
| 溶解性: | 溶于水，可混溶于醇、醚等多数有机溶剂 |
| 稳定性: | 稳定 |
| 外观与性状: | 无色澄清液体，有刺激性气味 |
| 危险标记: | 7(易燃液体) |
| 用 途: | 主要用于制甲醛、香精、染料、医药、火药、防冻剂等 |
2.对环境的影响:
一、健康危害
侵入途径：吸入、食入、经皮吸收。 健康危害：对中枢神经系统有麻醉作用；对视神经和视网膜有特殊选择作用，引起病变；可致代谢性酸中毒。 急性中毒：短时大量吸入出现轻度眼及上呼吸道刺激症状(口服有胃肠道刺激症状)；经一段时间潜伏期后出现头痛、头晕、乏力、眩晕、酒醉感、意识朦胧、谵妄，甚至昏迷。视神经及视网膜病变，可有视物模糊、复视等，重者失明。代谢性酸中毒时出现二氧化碳结合力下降、呼吸加速等。 慢性影响：神经衰弱综合征，植物神经功能失调，粘膜刺激，视力减退等。皮肤出现脱脂、皮炎等。
二、毒理学资料及环境行为
毒性：属中等毒类。 急性毒性：LD505628mg/kg(大鼠经口)；15800mg/kg(兔经皮)；LC5082776mg/kg，4小时(大鼠吸入)；人经口5～10ml，潜伏期8～36小时，致昏迷；人经口15ml，48小时内产生视网膜炎，失明；人经口30～100ml中枢神经系统严重损害，呼吸衰弱，死亡。 亚急性和慢性毒性：大鼠吸入50mg/m3，12小时/天，3个月，在8～10周内可见到气管、支气管粘膜损害，大脑皮质细胞营养障碍等。 致突变性：微生物致突变：啤酒酵母菌12pph。DNA抑制：人类淋巴细胞300mmol/L。 生殖毒性：大鼠经口最低中毒浓度(TDL0)：7500mg/kg(孕7～19天)，对新生鼠行为有影响。大鼠吸入最低中毒浓度(TCL0)：20000ppm(7小时)，(孕1～22天)，引起肌肉骨骼、心血管系统和泌尿系统发育异常。
危险特性：易燃，其蒸气与空气可形成爆炸性混合物。遇明火、高热能引起燃烧爆炸。与氧化剂接触发生化学反应或引起燃烧。在火场中，受热的容器有爆炸危险。其蒸气比空气重，能在较低处扩散到相当远的地方，遇明火会引着回燃。 燃烧(分解)产物：一氧化碳、二氧化碳。
3.现场应急监测方法:
气体检测管法； 便携式气相色谱法；直接进水样气相色谱法气体速测管（北京劳保所产品）
4.实验室监测方法:
| 监测方法 | 来源 | 类别 |
| 溶剂解吸气相色谱法 | WS/T143-1999 | 作业场所空气 |
| 气相色谱法 | HJ/T33-1999 | 固定污染源排气 |
|
变色酸比色法； 气相色谱法 |
《空气中有害物质的测定方法》(第二版)，杭士平编 | 空气 |
| 气相色谱法 | 《水质分析大全》张宏陶主编 | 水质 |
| 品红亚硫酸法 | 《化工企业空气中有害物质测定方法》，化学工业出版社 | 化工企业空气 |
5.环境标准:
| 中国(TJ36-79) | 车间空气中有害物质的最高容许浓度 | 50mg/m3 |
| 中国(TJ36-79) | 居住区大气中有害物质的最高容许浓度 |
3.00mg/m3(一次值) 1.00mg/m3(日均值) |
| 中国(GB16297-1996) | 大气污染物综合排放标准 |
①最高允许排放浓度(mg/m3)： 190(表2)；220(表1) ②最高允许排放速率(kg/h)： 二级5.1～100(表2)；6.1～130(表1) 三级7.8～170(表2)；9.2～200(表1) ③无组织排放监控浓度限值： 12mg/m3(表2)；15mg/m3(表1) |
| 前苏联(1978) | 地面水中有害物质最高允许浓度 | 3.0mg/L |
| 前苏联(1978) | 渔业用水中最高允许浓度 | 0.1mg/L |
| 前苏联 | 污水中有害物质最高允许浓度 | 20mg/L |
| 嗅觉阈浓度 | 140mg/m3 |
6.应急处理处置方法:
一、泄漏应急处理
迅速撤离泄漏污染区人员至安全区，并进行隔离，严格限制出入。切断火源。建议应急处理人员戴自给正压式呼吸器，穿防毒服。不要直接接触泄漏物。尽可能切断泄漏源，防止进入下水道、排洪沟等限制性空间。小量泄漏：用砂土或其它不燃材料吸附或吸收。也可以用大量水冲洗，洗液稀释后放入废水系统。大量泄漏：构筑围堤或挖坑收容；用泡沫覆盖，降低蒸气灾害。用防爆泵转移至槽车或专用收集器内。回收或运至废物处理场所处置。
二、防护措施
呼吸系统防护：可能接触其蒸气时，应该佩戴过滤式防毒面罩(半面罩)。紧急事态抢救或撤离时，建议佩戴空气呼吸器。 眼睛防护：戴化学安全防护眼镜。 身体防护：穿防静电工作服。 手防护：戴橡胶手套。 其它：工作现场禁止吸烟、进食和饮水。工作毕，淋浴更衣。实行就业前和定期的体检。
三、急救措施
皮肤接触：脱去被污染的衣着，用肥皂水和清水彻底冲洗皮肤。 眼睛接触：提起眼睑，用流动清水或生理盐水冲洗。就医。吸入：迅速脱离现场至空气新鲜处。保持呼吸道通畅。如呼吸困难，给输氧。如呼吸停止，立即进行人工呼吸。就医。 食入：饮足量温水，催吐，用清水或1%硫代硫酸钠溶液洗胃。就医。
灭火方法：尽可能将容器从火场移至空旷处。喷水保持火场容器冷却，直至灭火结束。处在火场中的容器若已变色或从安全泄压装置中产生声音，必须马上撤离。灭火剂：抗溶性泡沫、干粉、二氧化碳、砂土。
甲醇 分子结构与计算化学数据
分子结构数据
1、摩尔折射率：8.21
2、摩尔体积（cm3/mol）：42.5
3、等张比容（90.2K）：88.6
4、表面张力（dyne/cm）：18.8
5、极化率（10-24cm3）：3.25
计算化学数据
1.疏水参数计算参考值（XlogP）:-0.5
2.氢键供体数量:1
3.氢键受体数量:1
4.可旋转化学键数量:0
5.互变异构体数量:无
6.拓扑分子极性表面积20.2
7.重原子数量:2
8.表面电荷:0
9.复杂度:2
10.同位素原子数量:0
11.确定原子立构中心数量:0
12.不确定原子立构中心数量:0
13.确定化学键立构中心数量:0
14.不确定化学键立构中心数量:0
15.共价键单元数量:1
