氢氰酸
- 中文名称：
- 氢氰酸
- 中文别名：
- 氰化氢;
对甲氧基苯甲腈;
氢氰酸
- 英文名称：
- hydrocyanicacid
- 英文别名：
- hydrogen cyanide;
formonitrile;
Blausaeure;
prussic acid;
carbonitrile;
Cyanwasserstoff;
Zaclondiscoids;
Zyklon B;
hydrocyanic acid;
methylnitrile;
Formic anammonide;
Evercyn
- CAS No.：
- 74-90-8
- 分 子 式：
-
CHN
- 分 子 量：
- 27.03
- 精确分子量：
- 27.01090
- PSA：
- 23.79000
- EINECS：
- 200-821-6
- InChI：
- The Key: XFXPMWWXUTWYJX-UHFFFAOYSA-O3
- 危险品标志：
-
F+;
T+;
N
- 分子结构式：
-
- SDS：
- 查看
氢氰酸 制备方法及用途
制备方法
-
氰化钠法将氰化钠与硫酸直接发生反应,经冷凝并加入少量无机酸作稳定剂,即得氢氰酸产品,其2NaCN+H2SO4→Na2SO4+2HCN
合成制备方法
氰化钠法将氰化钠与硫酸直接发生反应，经冷凝并加入少量无机酸作稳定剂，即得氢氰酸产品，其2NaCN+H2SO4→Na2SO4+2HCN
用途简介
-
1.可作灭柑橘树害虫的特效农药。制造氰化物,用于仓库和船舶等消毒。还用于合成丁腈橡胶、合成纤维、塑料、有机玻璃及钢铁表面渗氮。 2.用于丙烯腈和丙烯酸树脂及农药杀虫剂的制造。
用途
1.可作灭柑橘树害虫的特效农药。制造氰化物，用于仓库和船舶等消毒。还用于合成丁腈橡胶、合成纤维、塑料、有机玻璃及钢铁表面渗氮。
2.用于丙烯腈和丙烯酸树脂及农药杀虫剂的制造。[23]
氢氰酸 物化性质
- 外观与性状：
- 无色或淡蓝色液体,或无色气体(取决于温度),带有一种苦杏仁气味
- 密度：
- 0.69
- 熔点：
- -14ºC
- 沸点：
- 25 - 26ºC
- 闪点：
- 17.5ºC
- 折射率：
- n20/D 1.531(lit.)
- 存储条件/存储方法：
- 库房通风低温干燥,与酸,碱,氧化剂分开储运
- 稳定性相关：
1.气态氢氰酸一般不产生聚合，但有水分凝聚时，会有聚合反应出现，空气(氧)并不促进聚合反应。液态氢氰酸或其水溶液，在碱性、高温、长时间放置、受光和放射线照射、放电以及电解条件下，都会引起聚合。聚合开始后，产生的热量又会引起聚合的连锁反应，从而加速聚合反应的进行，同时放出大量热能，引起猛烈的爆炸，爆炸极限5.6％～40％(体积)。其蒸气燃烧呈蓝色火焰。空气中有氢氰酸存在时，用联苯胺-乙酸铜试纸测定呈蓝色反应，用甲基橙-氯化汞(Ⅱ)试纸测定由橙色变粉红色，用苦味酸一碳酸钠试纸测定由黄色变为茶色。剧毒!
2.稳定性[17] 稳定
3.禁配物[18] 强氧化剂、碱类、酸类
4.避免接触的条件[19] 受热、光照
5.聚合危害[20] 聚合
6.分解产物[21] 氮氧化物
- 其它信息：
1.性状：无色液体或气体，有苦杏仁味。[1]
2.熔点（℃）：-13.2 [2]
3.沸点（℃）：25.7[3]
4.相对密度（水=1）：0.69[4]
5.相对蒸气密度（空气=1）：0.93[5]
6.饱和蒸气压（kPa）：82.46（20℃）[6]
7.临界温度（℃）：183.5[7]
8.临界压力（MPa）：4.95[8]
9.辛醇/水分配系数：-0.25[9]
10.闪点（℃）：-17.8[10]
11.引燃温度（℃）：538[11]
12.爆炸上限（%）：40.0[12]
13.爆炸下限（%）：5.6[13]
14.溶解性：溶于水、乙醇、乙醚等。[14]
氢氰酸 安全信息
- 包装等级：
- III
- 风险类别：
- 6.1(a)
- 海关代码：
- 2926909090
- WGK_Germany：
- 3
德国有关水污染物质的分类清单 - 危险类别码：
- 12-26-50/53-26/27/28
- 安全说明：
- 7/9-16-36/37-38-45-60-61
- 安全标志：
- S16:远离火源。
S38:在通风不良的场所，佩戴合适的呼吸装置。
S45:出现意外或者感到不适，立刻到医生那里寻求帮助（最好带去产品容器标签）。
: - 危险标志：
- C,T,Xi
氢氰酸 毒理性
CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION
- RTECS NUMBER :
- MW6825000
- CHEMICAL NAME :
- Hydrocyanic acid
- CAS REGISTRY NUMBER :
- 74-90-8
- BEILSTEIN REFERENCE NO. :
- 1718793
- LAST UPDATED :
- 199712
- DATA ITEMS CITED :
- 81
- MOLECULAR FORMULA :
- C-H-N
- MOLECULAR WEIGHT :
- 27.03
- WISWESSER LINE NOTATION :
- H CN
HEALTH HAZARD DATA
ACUTE TOXICITY DATA
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Human
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 570 ug/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- REFERENCE :
- PCOC** Pesticide Chemicals Official Compendium, Association of the American Pesticide Control Officials, Inc., 1966. (Topeka, KS) Volume(issue)/page/year: -,596,1966
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TCLo - Lowest published toxic concentration
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Inhalation
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Human - man
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 500 mg/m3/3M-C
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Sense Organs and Special Senses (Eye) - mydriasis (pupillary dilation) Behavioral - coma Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - respiratory depression
- REFERENCE :
- HUTODJ Human Toxicology. (Macmillan Press Ltd., Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hants., RG 21 2XS, UK) V.1- 1981- Volume(issue)/page/year: 3,57,1984
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LCLo - Lowest published lethal concentration
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Inhalation
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Human
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 120 mg/m3/1H
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- REFERENCE :
- JIHTAB Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. (Cambridge, MA) V.18-31, 1936-49. For publisher information, see AEHLAU. Volume(issue)/page/year: 24,255,1942
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LCLo - Lowest published lethal concentration
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Inhalation
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Human
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 200 mg/m3/10M
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Behavioral - general anesthetic Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - dyspnea Gastrointestinal - nausea or vomiting
- REFERENCE :
- WHOTAC World Health Organization, Technical Report Series. (WHO, 1211 Geneva, 27, Switzerland) No.1- 1950- Volume(issue)/page/year: -,30,1970
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LCLo - Lowest published lethal concentration
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Inhalation
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Human - man
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 400 mg/m3/2M
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- REFERENCE :
- 85GMAT "Toxicometric Parameters of Industrial Toxic Chemicals Under Single Exposure," Izmerov, N.F., et al., Moscow, Centre of International Projects, GKNT, 1982 Volume(issue)/page/year: -,75,1982
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Subcutaneous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Human
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 1 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- REFERENCE :
- SCJUAD Science Journal. (London, UK) V.1-7, 1965-71. For publisher information, see NWSCAL. Volume(issue)/page/year: 3(4),33,1967
- TYPE OF TEST :
- TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intravenous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Human - man
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 55 ug/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - respiratory stimulation
- REFERENCE :
- NTIS** National Technical Information Service. (Springfield, VA 22161) Formerly U.S. Clearinghouse for Scientific & Technical Information. Volume(issue)/page/year: PB158-508
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Unreported
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Human - man
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 1471 ug/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- REFERENCE :
- 85DCAI "Poisoning; Toxicology, Symptoms, Treatments," 2nd ed., Arena, J.M., Springfield, IL, C.C. Thomas, 1970 Volume(issue)/page/year: 2,73,1970
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LC50 - Lethal concentration, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Inhalation
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 160 ppm/30M
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- REFERENCE :
- FAATDF Fundamental and Applied Toxicology. (Academic Press, Inc., 1 E. First St., Duluth, MN 55802) V.1- 1981- Volume(issue)/page/year: 9,236,1987
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intravenous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 810 ug/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- REFERENCE :
- NTIS** National Technical Information Service. (Springfield, VA 22161) Formerly U.S. Clearinghouse for Scientific & Technical Information. Volume(issue)/page/year: AD-A028-501
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - mouse
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 3700 ug/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- REFERENCE :
- APFRAD Annales Pharmaceutiques Francaises. (SPPIF, B.P.22, F-41353 Vineuil, France) V.1- 1943- Volume(issue)/page/year: 19,740,1961
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LC50 - Lethal concentration, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Inhalation
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - mouse
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 323 ppm/5M
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- REFERENCE :
- TXAPA9 Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. (Academic Press, Inc., 1 E. First St., Duluth, MN 55802) V.1- 1959- Volume(issue)/page/year: 42,417,1977
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intraperitoneal
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - mouse
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 2990 ug/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- REFERENCE :
- BJPCAL British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy. (London, UK) V.1-33, 1946-68. For publisher information, see BJPCBM. Volume(issue)/page/year: 23,455,1964
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Subcutaneous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - mouse
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 3 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- REFERENCE :
- HBAMAK "Abdernalden's Handbuch der Biologischen Arbeitsmethoden." (Leipzig, Ger. Dem. Rep.) Volume(issue)/page/year: 4,1340,1935
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intravenous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - mouse
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 990 ug/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- REFERENCE :
- NTIS** National Technical Information Service. (Springfield, VA 22161) Formerly U.S. Clearinghouse for Scientific & Technical Information. Volume(issue)/page/year: AD-A028-501
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intramuscular
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - mouse
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 2700 ug/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- REFERENCE :
- BJPCAL British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy. (London, UK) V.1-33, 1946-68. For publisher information, see BJPCBM. Volume(issue)/page/year: 23,455,1964
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Mammal - dog
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 4 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- REFERENCE :
- HBAMAK "Abdernalden's Handbuch der Biologischen Arbeitsmethoden." (Leipzig, Ger. Dem. Rep.) Volume(issue)/page/year: 4,1340,1935
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Subcutaneous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Mammal - dog
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 1700 ug/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- REFERENCE :
- HBAMAK "Abdernalden's Handbuch der Biologischen Arbeitsmethoden." (Leipzig, Ger. Dem. Rep.) Volume(issue)/page/year: 4,1340,1935
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intravenous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Mammal - dog
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 1340 ug/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- REFERENCE :
- NTIS** National Technical Information Service. (Springfield, VA 22161) Formerly U.S. Clearinghouse for Scientific & Technical Information. Volume(issue)/page/year: AD-A028-501
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intravenous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Primate - monkey
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 1300 ug/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- REFERENCE :
- NTIS** National Technical Information Service. (Springfield, VA 22161) Formerly U.S. Clearinghouse for Scientific & Technical Information. Volume(issue)/page/year: AD-A028-501
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Subcutaneous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Mammal - cat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 1100 ug/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- REFERENCE :
- HBAMAK "Abdernalden's Handbuch der Biologischen Arbeitsmethoden." (Leipzig, Ger. Dem. Rep.) Volume(issue)/page/year: 4,1340,1935
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intravenous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Mammal - cat
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 810 ug/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- REFERENCE :
- NTIS** National Technical Information Service. (Springfield, VA 22161) Formerly U.S. Clearinghouse for Scientific & Technical Information. Volume(issue)/page/year: AD-A028-501
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rabbit
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 4 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- REFERENCE :
- HBAMAK "Abdernalden's Handbuch der Biologischen Arbeitsmethoden." (Leipzig, Ger. Dem. Rep.) Volume(issue)/page/year: 4,1340,1935
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intraperitoneal
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rabbit
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 1570 ug/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- REFERENCE :
- BJPCAL British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy. (London, UK) V.1-33, 1946-68. For publisher information, see BJPCBM. Volume(issue)/page/year: 23,455,1964
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Subcutaneous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rabbit
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 2500 ug/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- REFERENCE :
- BJPCAL British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy. (London, UK) V.1-33, 1946-68. For publisher information, see BJPCBM. Volume(issue)/page/year: 23,455,1964
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intravenous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rabbit
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 660 ug/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- REFERENCE :
- NTIS** National Technical Information Service. (Springfield, VA 22161) Formerly U.S. Clearinghouse for Scientific & Technical Information. Volume(issue)/page/year: AD-A028-501
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intramuscular
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rabbit
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 486 ug/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- REFERENCE :
- JACTDZ Journal of the American College of Toxicology. (Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., 1651 Third Ave., New York, NY 10128) V.1-12, 1982-1993. Discontinued. Volume(issue)/page/year: 1(3),120,1982
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Ocular
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - rabbit
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 1040 ug/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Sense Organs and Special Senses (Eye) - effect, not otherwise specified Behavioral - ataxia Lungs, Thorax, or Respiration - respiratory stimulation
- REFERENCE :
- JTOTDO Journal of Toxicology, Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology. (Marcel Dekker, 270 Madison Ave., New York, NY 10016) V.1- 1982- Volume(issue)/page/year: 2,119,1983
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Mammal - pig
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 2 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- REFERENCE :
- AEHLAU Archives of Environmental Health. (Heldref Pub., 4000 Albemarle St., NW, Washington, DC 20016) V.1- 1960- Volume(issue)/page/year: 22,496,1971
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Subcutaneous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - guinea pig
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 100 ug/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- REFERENCE :
- HBAMAK "Abdernalden's Handbuch der Biologischen Arbeitsmethoden." (Leipzig, Ger. Dem. Rep.) Volume(issue)/page/year: 4,1340,1935
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intravenous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Rodent - guinea pig
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 1430 ug/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- REFERENCE :
- NTIS** National Technical Information Service. (Springfield, VA 22161) Formerly U.S. Clearinghouse for Scientific & Technical Information. Volume(issue)/page/year: AD-A028-501
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Bird - pigeon
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 14 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- REFERENCE :
- FDWU** "Ueber die Wirkung Verschiedener Gifte Auf Vogel, Dissertation," Forchheimer, L., Pharmakologischen Institut der Universitat Wurzburg, Fed. Rep. Ger., 1931 Volume(issue)/page/year: -,-,1931
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Subcutaneous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Bird - pigeon
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 2150 ug/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- REFERENCE :
- FDWU** "Ueber die Wirkung Verschiedener Gifte Auf Vogel, Dissertation," Forchheimer, L., Pharmakologischen Institut der Universitat Wurzburg, Fed. Rep. Ger., 1931 Volume(issue)/page/year: -,-,1931
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intramuscular
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Bird - pigeon
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 1500 ug/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- REFERENCE :
- FDWU** "Ueber die Wirkung Verschiedener Gifte Auf Vogel, Dissertation," Forchheimer, L., Pharmakologischen Institut der Universitat Wurzburg, Fed. Rep. Ger., 1931 Volume(issue)/page/year: -,-,1931
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Bird - duck
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 3280 ug/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- REFERENCE :
- FDWU** "Ueber die Wirkung Verschiedener Gifte Auf Vogel, Dissertation," Forchheimer, L., Pharmakologischen Institut der Universitat Wurzburg, Fed. Rep. Ger., 1931 Volume(issue)/page/year: -,-,1931
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Subcutaneous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Amphibian - frog
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 60 mg/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- REFERENCE :
- HBAMAK "Abdernalden's Handbuch der Biologischen Arbeitsmethoden." (Leipzig, Ger. Dem. Rep.) Volume(issue)/page/year: 4,1340,1935
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Intravenous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Mammal - domestic
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 660 ug/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- REFERENCE :
- NTIS** National Technical Information Service. (Springfield, VA 22161) Formerly U.S. Clearinghouse for Scientific & Technical Information. Volume(issue)/page/year: PB158-508
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LCLo - Lowest published lethal concentration
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Inhalation
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Mammal - species unspecified
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 200 ppm/5M
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- REFERENCE :
- AEPPAE Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archiv fuer Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie. (Berlin, Ger.) V.110-253, 1925-66. For publisher information, see NSAPCC. Volume(issue)/page/year: 138,65,1928
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LCLo - Lowest published lethal concentration
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Inhalation
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Mammal - species unspecified
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 36 ppm/2H
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- REFERENCE :
- TABIA2 Tabulae Biologicae. (The Hague, Netherlands) V.1-22, 1925-63. Discontinued. Volume(issue)/page/year: 3,231,1933
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Bird - domestic
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 600 ug/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- REFERENCE :
- FDWU** "Ueber die Wirkung Verschiedener Gifte Auf Vogel, Dissertation," Forchheimer, L., Pharmakologischen Institut der Universitat Wurzburg, Fed. Rep. Ger., 1931 Volume(issue)/page/year: -,-,1931
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Oral
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Bird - wild bird species
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 7500 ug/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- REFERENCE :
- FDWU** "Ueber die Wirkung Verschiedener Gifte Auf Vogel, Dissertation," Forchheimer, L., Pharmakologischen Institut der Universitat Wurzburg, Fed. Rep. Ger., 1931 Volume(issue)/page/year: -,-,1931
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Subcutaneous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Bird - wild bird species
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 100 ug/kg
- TOXIC EFFECTS :
- Details of toxic effects not reported other than lethal dose value
- REFERENCE :
- FDWU** "Ueber die Wirkung Verschiedener Gifte Auf Vogel, Dissertation," Forchheimer, L., Pharmakologischen Institut der Universitat Wurzburg, Fed. Rep. Ger., 1931 Volume(issue)/page/year: -,-,1931
- TYPE OF TEST :
- LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
- ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :
- Subcutaneous
- SPECIES OBSERVED :
- Bird - domestic
- DOSE/DURATION :
- 100 ug/kg
- REFERENCE :
- HBAMAK "Abdernalden's Handbuch der Biologischen Arbeitsmethoden." (Leipzig, Ger. Dem. Rep.) Volume(issue)/page/year: 4,1340,1935 *** REVIEWS *** ACGIH TLV-CL 5 mg/m3 (4.7 ppm) (skin) DTLVS* The Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) booklet issues by American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), Cincinnati, OH, 1996 Volume(issue)/page/year: TLV/BEI,1997 TOXICOLOGY REVIEW EVHPAZ EHP, Environmental Health Perspectives. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) No.1- 1972- Volume(issue)/page/year: 11,163,1975 TOXICOLOGY REVIEW FNSCA6 Forensic Science. (Lausanne, Switzerland) V.1-11, 1972-78. For pub lisher information, see FSINDR. Volume(issue)/page/year: 2,67,1973 TOXICOLOGY REVIEW JOCMA7 Journal of Occupational Medicine. (Chicago, IL) V.1-9, 1957-67. For publisher information, see:JJOMDZ Volume(issue)/page/year: 1,281,1959 *** U.S. STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS *** OSHA PEL (Gen Indu):8H TWA 10 ppm (11 mg/m3) (skin) CFRGBR Code of Federal Regulations. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt. of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) Volume(issue)/page/year: 29,1910.1000,1994 OSHA PEL (Construc):8H TWA 10 ppm (11 mg/m3) (skin) CFRGBR Code of Federal Regulations. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt. of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) Volume(issue)/page/year: 29,1926.55,1994 OSHA PEL (Shipyard):8H TWA 10 ppm (11 mg/m3) (skin) CFRGBR Code of Federal Regulations. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt. of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) Volume(issue)/page/year: 29,1915.1000,1993 OSHA PEL (Fed Cont):8H TWA 10 ppm (11 mg/m3) (skin) CFRGBR Code of Federal Regulations. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Supt. of Documents, Washington, DC 20402) Volume(issue)/page/year: 41,50-204.50,1994 *** OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMITS *** OEL-ARAB Republic of Egypt:TWA 10 ppm (10 mg/m3) JAN 1993 OEL-AUSTRALIA:TWA 10 ppm (10 mg/m3);Skin JAN 1993 OEL-AUSTRIA:TWA 10 ppm (11 mg/m3);Skin JAN 1993 OEL-DENMARK:TWA 5 ppm (5 mg/m3);Skin JAN 1993 OEL-FINLAND:STEL 10 ppm (11 mg/m3);Skin JAN 1993 OEL-FRANCE:TWA 2 ppm (2 mg/m3);STEL 10 ppm (10 mg/m3) JAN 1993 OEL-GERMANY:TWA 10 ppm (11 mg/m3);Skin JAN 1993 OEL-HUNGARY:TWA 0.3 mg/m3;STEL 0.6 mg/m3;Skin JAN 1993 OEL-JAPAN:TWA 10 ppm (11 mg/m3);Skin JAN 1993 OEL-THE NETHERLANDS:TWA 10 ppm (11 mg/m3);Skin JAN 1993 OEL-THE PHILIPPINES:TWA 10 ppm (11 mg/m3);Skin JAN 1993 OEL-POLAND:TWA 0.3 mg/m3 JAN 1993 OEL-RUSSIA:TWA 10 ppm;STEL 0.3 mg/m3 JAN 1993 OEL-SWEDEN:STEL 5 mg/m3;Skin JAN 1993 OEL-SWITZERLAND:TWA 10 ppm (11 mg/m3);STEL 20 ppm;Skin JAN 1993 OEL-THAILAND:TWA 10 ppm (11 mg/m3) JAN 1993 OEL-TURKEY:TWA 10 ppm (11 mg/m3);Skin JAN 1993 OEL-UNITED KINGDOM:STEL 10 ppm (10 mg/m3);Skin JAN 1993 OEL IN BULGARIA, COLOMBIA, JORDAN, KOREA check ACGIH TLV OEL IN NEW ZEALAND, SINGAPORE, VIETNAM check ACGIH TLV *** NIOSH STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT AND SURVEILLANCE DATA *** NIOSH RECOMMENDED EXPOSURE LEVEL (REL) : NIOSH REL TO HYDROGEN CYANIDE-air:STEL 4.7 ppm (Sk) REFERENCE : NIOSH* National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Reports and Memoranda. Volume(issue)/page/year: DHHS #92-100,1992 NIOSH OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE SURVEY DATA : NOHS - National Occupational Hazard Survey (1974) NOHS Hazard Code - 38530 No. of Facilities: 461 (estimated) No. of Industries: 14 No. of Occupations: 17 No. of Employees: 2137 (estimated) NOES - National Occupational Exposure Survey (1983) NOES Hazard Code - 38530 No. of Facilities: 91 (estimated) No. of Industries: 13 No. of Occupations: 57 No. of Employees: 3994 (estimated) No. of Female Employees: 254 (estimated)
- 毒理学数据：
1、浓度高时急性中毒，几乎会立即失去知觉，发生呼吸麻痹，不久出现心脏麻痹。浓度较低时，中毒最初阶段：喉咙搔痒，口中有苦辣味道、流涎、头晕，胃部感到发热、恶心、呕吐，有大便感觉，呼吸加快，加深，头部充血，心悸等。之后进入呼吸困难、痉挛、麻痹或窒息阶段。慢性中毒表现为头痛、乏力、易疲劳、全身不适、头晕、多汗、恶心、上腹部痛、消化不良、四肢及心脏疼痛、心动过速。对皮肤表现出弱刺激作用，进入眼内可引起局部的刺激作用。最高容许浓度为0.3 mg/m3。致死量为1 mg/kg(体重)。中毒事故发生时，应速将患者抬到空气新鲜处，脱去污染衣服，安静、保温，用解毒剂连续进行解毒治疗。首先吸入滴在棉花上的亚硝酸异戊酯，然后静脉注射10～15 ml、2%NaNO2，溶液或50 ml蓝色蒙，经3～5 min后，再静脉注射30%硫代硫酸钠溶液50 ml。每10 min以半量重复给予解毒剂，2～3次。同时给患者吸氧，待出现呼吸恢复后住院治疗。工作时可采用B型过滤式工业用防毒面具，当氰化氢浓度为(10±1)mg/L时，防护时间为30min。带有对烟和粉尘有效的防护过滤器，防护时间为70 min。必须用橡胶及塑料保护皮肤，必须保证氰化氢排出装置的密闭性。应在危险地区采取监测和音响警报，当氰化氢浓度达5 mg/m3时，发出指示不应晚于6 min。应严格遵守个人卫生措施，所有工人必须了解氰化物的有害作用及对患者的急救措施，每年进行定期体检。
2.急性毒性[15] LC50：357mg/m3（小鼠吸入，5min）
- 生态数据：
1.生态毒性[16]
LC50：0.24mg/L（48h）（黑头呆鱼）；0.16mg/L（48h）（蓝鳃太阳鱼）；0.068mg/L（48h）（虹鳟鱼）
IC50：1.8mg/L（48h）（水蚤）
2.生物降解性 暂无资料
3.非生物降解性 暂无资料
氢氰酸 MSDS
| 国标编号: | 61003 |
| ＣＡＳ: | 74-90-8 |
| 中文名称: | 氰化氢 |
| 英文名称: | hydrogen cyanide |
| 别 名: | 氢氰酸 |
| 分子式: | HCN |
| 分子量: | 27.03 |
| 熔 点: | -13.2℃ 沸点：25.7℃ |
| 密 度: | 相对密度(水=1)0.69； |
| 蒸汽压: | -17.8℃ |
| 溶解性: | 溶于水、醇、醚等 |
| 稳定性: | 稳定 |
| 外观与性状: | 无色气体或液体，有苦杏仁味 |
| 危险标记: | 13(无机剧毒品)，7(易燃液体) |
| 用 途: | 用于丙烯腈和丙烯酸树脂及农药杀虫剂的制造 |
2.对环境的影响 一、健康危害 侵入途径：吸入、食入。 健康危害：抑制呼吸酶，造成细胞内窒息。急性中毒：短时间内吸入高浓度氰化氢气体，可立即呼吸停止而死亡。非骤死者临床分为4期，前驱期有粘膜刺激、呼吸加快加深、乏力、头痛，口服有舌尖、口腔发麻等；呼吸困难、血压升高、皮肤粘膜呈鲜红色等；惊厥期出现抽搐、昏迷、呼吸衰竭；麻痹期全身肌肉松弛，呼吸心跳停止而死亡。可致眼、皮肤灼伤，吸收引起中毒。慢性影响：神经衰弱综合征、皮炎。 各种温血动物的中毒表现基本相同，呼吸先快后慢，瘫痪、侧卧、痉挛、窒息、呼吸停止、死亡，一般呼吸停止5～10分钟，心跳停止。猫、狗、猴还有呕吐表现。 氰化氢具有速杀性。中毒严重时，能使人很快死亡。低浓度时，无积累作用。当空气中浓度低于0.04mg/L时，对人员长时间的作用也无危险。初闻到时，有不同程度的刺激作用。口内有苦杏仁味，口舌发麻，紧接着头痛、胸闷、呼吸困难、身体不支、意志消失、强直性痉挛，最后全身麻痹以至死亡。 二、毒理学资料及环境行为 急性中毒：LD50810μg/kg(大鼠静脉)；3700μg/kg(小鼠经口)；LC50357mg/m3，5分钟(小鼠吸入) 污染来源：氰化物主要用于电镀业（镀铜、镀金、镀银），采矿业（提取金、银），船舱烟熏灭鼠，制造各种树脂如硝基丙烯酸类单体，制造己二胺及腈类。也可作为中间产物产生，在焦炭炉中也可产生氰化氢。 代谢和降解：游离氰基在体内主要代谢途径是在硫氰化酶(或β巯基丙酮酸转硫酶)的催化作用下，与硫起加成反应，转变成毒性很低的SCN(只有CN-毒性的1/200)。然后由尿、唾液、汗液等排出体外。 游离氰基还可与体内含钴的化合物如羟钴胺(维生素B12)结合形成无毒的氰钴化合物。因此临床上有用羟钴胺或依地酸二钴抢救CN-急性中毒的报告。 人体对CN-有较强的解毒机能，氰化物是非蓄积性毒物。当不致产生中毒剂量的少量外源性氰根进入机体后，可被迅速转化为无毒或低毒物质排出体外。 氰化物在地面水中很不稳定，当水的pH值大于7和有氧存在的条件下，可被氧化生成碳酸盐与氨。地面水中带存在着能够分解利用氰化物的微生物，亦可将氰经生物氧化用途转化为碳酸盐与氨。因此氰化物在地面水中的自净过程相当迅速，但水体中氰化物的自净过程还要受水温，水的曝气程度(搅动)、pH、水面大小及深度等因素影响。 土壤对氰化物出有很强的净化能力。进入寺壤的氰化物，除逸散至空气中的外，一部分被植物吸收，在植物体内被同化或氧化分解。存留于土壤中并部分在微生物的作用下，可被转化为碳酸盐、氨和甲酸盐。当氰化物持续污染时，土壤微生物经驯化、毓可产生相适应的微生物群，对氰的净化起巨大作用。因此有些低浓度含氰工业废水长期进行污水灌溉的地区，土壤中的氰含量几乎没有积累。 残留与蓄积：自然界对氰化物的污染有很强的净化作用，因此，一般来说外源氰不易在环境和机体中积累。只有在特定条件下(事故排放、高浓度持续污染)，氰的污染量超过环境的净化能力时，才能在环境中残留、蓄积，从而构成对人和生物的潜在危害。 迁移转化：氰化物广泛地存在于自然界中。动植物体内都含有一些氰类物质，有些植物如苦杏仁、白果、果仁、木薯、高梁等含有相当量的含氰糖甙。它水解后释放出洲离的氰化氢，在一些普通粮食、蔬菜中，也可检出微量氰。 土壤中也普遍含有氰化物，并随土壤深度的增加而递减，其含量为0.003-0.130mg/kg。天然土壤中的氰化物主要来自土壤腐植质。腐植质是一类复杂的有机化合物，其核心由多元酚聚合而成，并含有一定数量的氮化合物。在土壤微生物作用下，可以生成氰和酚，因此土壤中氰的本底含量与其中有机质的含量密切相关。 由于氰化氢及易挥发，多数氰化物易溶于水，因此排入自然环境中的氰化物易被水(或大气)淋溶稀释、扩散，迁移能力强。氰化氢和简单氰化物在地面水中很不稳定，氰化氢易逸入空气中；或当水的pH值大于7和有氧存在的条件下，亦可被氧化而生成碳酸盐与氨。简单氰化物在水中很易水解而形成氰化氢。水中如含无机酸，即使是二氧化碳溶于水中生成的碳酸(弱酸)，亦可加速此分解过程。 HCN是有苦杏仁味的气味，极易扩散，易溶于水而成氢氰酸；氰化物一般为无色晶体，在空气中易潮解并有HCN的微弱臭味，能使水产生杏仁臭。氰化物中毒的症状为：轻者有粘膜刺激，唇舌麻木头痛、眩晕、下肢无力、胸部有压迫感、恶心、呕吐、血压上升、心悸、气喘等。重者呼吸不规则，逐渐昏迷、痉挛、大小便失禁、血压下降、迅速发生呼吸障碍而死亡。 危险特性：易燃，其蒸气与空气可形成爆炸性混合物。遇明火、高热能引起燃烧爆炸。长期放置则因水分而聚合，聚合物本身有自催化作用，可引起爆炸。 燃烧分解产物：氰化氢、氮氧化物。 3.现场应急监测方法 ①便携式气体检测仪器：胶比电解式；②常用快速化学分析方法：甲基橙检测管法、联苯胺检测管法、指示笔法《突发性环境污染事故应急监测与处理处置技术》万本太主编 4.实验室监测方法 异烟酸-吡唑啉酮分光光度法(HJ/T28-1999，固定污染源排气) 联邻甲苯胺检气管比长度法《空气中有害物质的测定方法》(第二版)杭士平主编 5.环境标准 中国(TJ36-79) 车间空气中有害物质的最高容许浓度 0.3mg/m3[皮] 前苏联(1974) 居民区大气中有害物最大允许浓度 0.01mg/m3(昼夜均值) 中国(GB16297-1996) 大气污染物综合排放标准 ①最高允许排放浓度： 2.3mg/m3(表1)；1.9mg/m3(表2) ②最高允许排放速率(kg/h)： 二级0.18～5.5(表1)；0.15～4.6(表2) 三级0.28～8.3(表1)；0.24～7.0(表2) ③无组织排放监控浓度限值： 0.024mg/m3(表2)；0.030mg/m3(表1) 6.应急处理处置方法 一、泄漏应急措施 对泄漏物处理必须戴好防毒面具与手套，扫起，倒至大量水中。加入过量NaClO或漂白粉，放置24小时，确认氰化物全部分解，稀释后放入废水系统。污染区用NaClO溶液或漂白粉浸光24小时后，用大量水冲洗，洗水放入废水系统统一处理。对HCN则应将气体送至通风橱或将气体导入碳酸钠溶液中，加等量的NaClO，以6mol/L NaOH中和，污水放入废水系统做统一处理。 废弃物处置方法：废料放入碱性介质中，通氯气或加次氯酸盐使之转化成氨气和二氧化碳。还可以采用控制焚烧法把氰化物完全破坏。氨氧化过程的废气中含有可回收的氢氰酸。 二、防护措施 呼吸系统防护：可能接触毒物时，应该佩戴隔离式呼吸器。紧急事态抢救或撤离时，必须佩戴氧气呼吸器。 眼睛防护：呼吸系统防护中已作防护。 身体防护：穿连衣式胶布防毒衣。 手防护：戴橡胶手套。 其它：工作现场禁止吸烟、进食和饮水。保持良好的卫生习惯。车间应配备急救设备及药品。作业人员应学会自救互救。 三、急救措施 皮肤接触：立即脱去被污染的衣着，用流动清水或5%硫代硫酸钠溶液彻底冲洗至少20分钟。就医。 眼睛接触：立即提起眼睑，用大量流动清水或生理盐水彻底冲洗至少15分钟。就医。 吸入：迅速脱离现场至空气新鲜处。保持呼吸道通畅。如呼吸困难，给输氧。呼吸心跳停止时，立即进行人工呼吸(勿用口对口)和胸外心脏按压术，给吸入亚硝酸异戊酯，就医。 食入：饮足量温水，催吐，用1：5000高锰酸钾或5%硫代硫酸钠溶液洗胃。就医。 灭火方法：切断气源。若不能立即切断气源，则不允许熄灭正在燃烧的气体。消防人员必须穿戴全身专用防护服，佩戴气氛呼吸器，在安全距离以外或有防护措施处操作。灭火剂：干粉、抗溶性泡沫、二氧化碳。用水灭火无效，但须用水保持火场容器冷却。用雾状水驱散蒸气。
氢氰酸 海关数据
中国海关编码：2926909090
- 概述：
- 2926909090 其他腈基化合物. 增值税率:17.0% 退税率:9.0% 监管条件:无 最惠国关税:6.5% 普通关税:30.0%
- 申报要素：
- 品名, 成分含量, 用途
- 摘要/Summary：
- HS:2926909090 other nitrile-function compounds VAT:17.0% Tax rebate rate:9.0% Supervision conditions:none MFN tariff:6.5% General tariff:30.0%
氢氰酸 分子结构与计算化学数据
分子结构数据
1、摩尔折射率：6.41
2、摩尔体积（cm3/mol）：38.8
3、等张比容（90.2K）：38.8
4、表面张力（dyne/cm）：18.8
5、极化率（10-24cm3）：2.54
计算化学数据
1.疏水参数计算参考值（XlogP）:0.1
2.氢键供体数量:0
3.氢键受体数量:1
4.可旋转化学键数量:0
5.互变异构体数量:2
6.拓扑分子极性表面积23.8
7.重原子数量:2
8.表面电荷:0
9.复杂度:10
10.同位素原子数量:0
11.确定原子立构中心数量:0
12.不确定原子立构中心数量:0
13.确定化学键立构中心数量:0
14.不确定化学键立构中心数量:0
15.共价键单元数量:1
