合成制备方法

1.钨的主要矿物有黑钨矿、白钨矿，中国储量居世界首位。可由碱处理黑钨矿制得三氧化钨后，再用氢气还原制取金属钨。电解制取钨可采用卤化物、磷酸盐、硼酸盐等多种电解质体系，可用钨的氧化物、卤化物等形式作为原料加入熔体。工业生产可用氢气还原三氧化钨制得；或将仲钨酸铵用酸处理，再经热分解得到三氧化钨，用氢气还原制得。
氢气还原三氧化钨法用氢气还原可分二个阶段进行，第一阶段将三氧化钨加热至450～600℃，用氢气还原，第二阶段还原在750～1100℃时进行，制得钨粉成品。其

2.钨的主要矿石有黑钨矿（Fe、Mn）WO4及白钨矿CaWO4。以黑钨矿为原料时，在矿石中加入碳酸钠及少量氯化钠或氟化钠，在800～1000℃熔融，使其生成钨酸钠，用水抽提。或者用浓氢氧化钠水溶液在加压下或在101325Pa压力下煮沸，以钨酸钠形式抽提出来。以白钨矿作原料时，用盐酸分解可以析出钨酸。调节溶液的pH值，可以除去用上述方法得到的钨酸钠溶液中所含的硅。利用添加氯化镁、氯化铵溶液的方法除去磷和砷，对于钼，可以利用添加硫化钠使之成为硫化物而除去。进一步提纯时，可在钨酸钠溶液中加入氯化钙，生成钨酸钙沉淀析出，在沉淀中加入盐酸使其析出钨酸，将钨酸溶于氨水中，然后加热浓缩或中和而析出仲钨酸铵。钨粉可由精制仲钨酸铵直接用氢还原制得；或者将仲钨酸铵用酸处理或热分解制得三氧化钨，再用氢还原来制取。一般情况下，用氢还原可分两、三个阶段进行。例如，第一阶段还原在450～600℃,第二阶段还原在750～1100℃时进行。

用途

FW-1用于大型板坯、钨铼电偶原料。FW-2用于触头合金、高比重屏蔽原料。FWP-1用等离子喷镀材料。用于制造硬质或耐高温合金、高速切削特种钢，以及用作灯泡灯丝和航空、航天工业的耐热材料。用作分析试剂。用于制钨丝和制高速切削钢、特种钢等, 也用于制电学仪器和光学仪器。

用于制高速切削合金钢、灯丝、火箭喷嘴、太阳能装置等。

包装等级：

III

风险类别：

4.1

危险类别码：

R11;R36/38

安全说明：

S6-S26-S36

RTECS号：

YO7175000

危险标志：

F:Flammable;Xi:Irritant;

CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION

RTECS NUMBER :

YO7175000

CHEMICAL NAME :

Tungsten

CAS REGISTRY NUMBER :

7440-33-7

LAST UPDATED :

199710

DATA ITEMS CITED :

21

MOLECULAR FORMULA :

W

MOLECULAR WEIGHT :

183.85

WISWESSER LINE NOTATION :

WO

HEALTH HAZARD DATA

ACUTE TOXICITY DATA

TYPE OF TEST :

Standard Draize test

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Administration onto the skin

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rabbit

REFERENCE :

28ZPAK "Sbornik Vysledku Toxixologickeho Vysetreni Latek A Pripravku," Marhold, J.V., Institut Pro Vychovu Vedoucicn Pracovniku Chemickeho Prumyclu Praha, Czechoslovakia, 1972 Volume(issue)/page/year: -,19,1972

TYPE OF TEST :

Standard Draize test

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Administration into the eye

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rabbit

REFERENCE :

28ZPAK "Sbornik Vysledku Toxixologickeho Vysetreni Latek A Pripravku," Marhold, J.V., Institut Pro Vychovu Vedoucicn Pracovniku Chemickeho Prumyclu Praha, Czechoslovakia, 1972 Volume(issue)/page/year: -,19,1972 ** ACUTE TOXICITY DATA **

TYPE OF TEST :

LD50 - Lethal dose, 50 percent kill

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Intraperitoneal

SPECIES OBSERVED :

Rodent - rat

DOSE/DURATION :

5 gm/kg

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Vascular - regional or general arteriolar or venous dilation Liver - other changes Blood - other changes

REFERENCE :

INMEAF Industrial Medicine. (Chicago, IL) V.1-18, 1932-49. For publisher information, see IOHSA5. Volume(issue)/page/year: 15,482,1946 ** REPRODUCTIVE DATA **

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

DOSE :

1210 ug/kg

SEX/DURATION :

female 35 week(s) pre-mating

TOXIC EFFECTS :

Reproductive - Fertility - post-implantation mortality (e.g. dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants) Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - musculoskeletal system

REFERENCE :

GISAAA Gigiena i Sanitariya. For English translation, see HYSAAV. (V/O Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga, 113095 Moscow, USSR) V.1- 1936- Volume(issue)/page/year: 42(8),30,1977

TYPE OF TEST :

TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose

ROUTE OF EXPOSURE :

Oral

DOSE :

1160 ug/kg

SEX/DURATION :

female 30 week(s) pre-mating female 1-20 day(s) after conception

REFERENCE :

FATOAO Farmakologiya i Toksikologiya (Moscow). For English translation, see PHTXA6 and RPTOAN. (V/O Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga, 113095 Moscow, USSR) V.2- 1939- Volume(issue)/page/year: 41,620,1978 *** U.S. STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS *** MSHA STANDARD-air:TWA 1 mg/m3 (soluble) DTLVS* The Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) booklet issues by American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), Cincinnati, OH, 1996 Volume(issue)/page/year: 3,272,1971 MSHA STANDARD:air-TWA 5 mg/m3 (insoluble) DTLVS* The Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) booklet issues by American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), Cincinnati, OH, 1996 Volume(issue)/page/year: 3,272,1971 *** OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMITS *** OEL-DENMARK:TWA 5 mg/m3 JAN 1993 OEL-RUSSIA:STEL 2 mg/m3 JAN 1993 OEL-SWEDEN:TWA 5 mg/m3 JAN 1993 OEL-UNITED KINGDOM:TWA 5 mg/m3;STEL 10 mg/m3 JAN 1993 *** NIOSH STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT AND SURVEILLANCE DATA *** NIOSH RECOMMENDED EXPOSURE LEVEL (REL) : NIOSH REL TO TUNGSTEN, insoluble-air:TWA 5 mg(W)/m3;STEL 10 mg/m3 REFERENCE : NIOSH* National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Reports and Memoranda. Volume(issue)/page/year: DHHS #92-100,1992 NIOSH RECOMMENDED EXPOSURE LEVEL (REL) : NIOSH REL TO TUNGSTEN, soluble-air:10H TWA 1 mg(W)/m3;STEL 3 mg/m3 REFERENCE : NIOSH* National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Reports and Memoranda. Volume(issue)/page/year: DHHS #92-100,1992 NIOSH OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE SURVEY DATA : NOHS - National Occupational Hazard Survey (1974) NOHS Hazard Code - 74980 No. of Facilities: 530 (estimated) No. of Industries: 20 No. of Occupations: 24 No. of Employees: 4735 (estimated) NOES - National Occupational Exposure Survey (1983) NOES Hazard Code - X5928 No. of Facilities: 53 (estimated) No. of Industries: 4 No. of Occupations: 11 No. of Employees: 3907 (estimated) No. of Female Employees: 1258 (estimated) NOES - National Occupational Exposure Survey (1983) NOES Hazard Code - X7685 No. of Facilities: 174 (estimated) No. of Industries: 5 No. of Occupations: 15 No. of Employees: 4822 (estimated) No. of Female Employees: 3021 (estimated) NOES - National Occupational Exposure Survey (1983) NOES Hazard Code - 74980 No. of Facilities: 1623 (estimated) No. of Industries: 52 No. of Occupations: 43 No. of Employees: 38323 (estimated) No. of Female Employees: 3591 (estimated)

毒理学数据：

1、皮肤/眼睛刺激性：兔子，皮肤接触，标准Draize实验：500mg?24H，轻度反应；兔子，眼睛接触，标准Draize实验：500mg?24H，轻度反应2、急性毒性：大鼠腹腔LD50： 5mg/kg

生态数据：

通常对水有稍微的危害，不要让未稀释或大量的产品接触地下水，水道或者污水系统。

计算化学数据

1.疏水参数计算参考值（XlogP）:无

2.氢键供体数量:0

3.氢键受体数量:0

4.可旋转化学键数量:0

5.互变异构体数量:无

6.拓扑分子极性表面积0

7.重原子数量:1

8.表面电荷:0

9.复杂度:0

10.同位素原子数量:0

11.确定原子立构中心数量:0

12.不确定原子立构中心数量:0

13.确定化学键立构中心数量:0

14.不确定化学键立构中心数量:0

15.共价键单元数量:1